31.因为：because, 常是对why的回答，语气最强。
位置：because…, 或…, because….since, 表显然的或已知的理由since it’s already late, i must go , 位置：
…，for….语气最弱。 i drove carefully, for it’s 有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。
as i am ill, i won’t go.32.表推测：
must, may, might, could, can, can’tmust“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。there is the door bell, it must be tom.门铃响了，一定是汤姆(来了)。
may / might“也许”一般用于肯定句， may比might可能性大。she is coming to us. she might be our new / could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。
但can多用于否定。you could be right, but i don’t think you light in the office is off. the teacher can’t be there now.
与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，so tall / slowly / carefully / young…such是形容词，后跟名词短语。such bad weather / good news /beautiful music…;such a beautiful girl / an important lesson / a he**y stone / an interesting lesson…;such kind boys / new desks / friendly people / amazing movies / clever children…;若名词前形容词是many, much, few, little时，不用such, 而用 many flowers / much rain / few friends / little water…也常有“so / such …that…”句型，译为“如此…以致于…”。
的另两个用法：1so + be / 情态动词 / 助动词 + 主语，“…也”上下文所指不是同一个人或物。the twins are working, so am will le**e tonight, and so will peter.
if you go there, so will i . 最后一句参见语法2)又如：a:
i woke up late this : so did i.2so + 主语 + be/情态动词 / 助动词，“的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。
a: we h**e lunch at : so you do.
又如：a: bruce can work out the :
so he can.（注意以上黑体字的照应） /nor用法之一：neither / nor + be / 情态动词 / 助动词 + 主语“…也不”上文是否定句。
she didn’t get well, nor did her isn’t going to do his work, neither is john.
又如：a: jim hasn’t had :
neither h**e i. （注意以上黑体字的照应）, make, get, h**e用法：1keep + sb / sth doing sth “让…一直做…” i’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long.
(区别：keep + doing sth “坚持做某事，一直做某事”)2make + sb / sth do sth让…做某事(接动原） i’ll try to make you understand what i mean. i feel sorry that i h**e made him wait for 若用于被动语态，原有后接动词原形要改为带to不定式(另见语法6的类似说法)：
i made him wait for long. →he was made to wait for + sb / sth to do sth.让…做某事。
he got peter to buy him a + 宾语+ 动词原形 / ing / 过去分词h**e him do it, please.让他做它吧。（him 和 do 逻辑上形成主谓关系，do用原形。
）we had the machine working.我们让机器一直工作着。（让某物一直在进行着某事。
）we had the machine repaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让机器被修理了，表被动。）5也都可接形容词：
keep safe / busy, keep the door closed / open,make us happy,get the door closed,h**e everything ready. get her ears pierced.短语：
used to + 动原，“过去常常” he used to used to 译为“被用于…”，后接动原。 it is used to cut things. （主语是物）be used to 译为“习惯于…”，后接动词ing或名词 / 代词。
（主语常是人）如：he’s used to working late. we are used to the country life.
are you used to it?be used for “被用于…”，后接名词或动词ing（主语也是物）如：english is used for business.
knives are used for cutting things.38. through / past / across 区别：
都可作介词，“穿过”，前常有位移动词(以下黑体部分)。he climbed through the window and saw what he could take away. （从窗户内部经过）he went past me without saying any words.
（从我旁边经过）he swam across the river.（从河的表面经过）【through,内部； past,旁边； across,表面】位移动词 + past 有时相当于动词pass; 位移动词 + across有时相当于动词cross. number of / a number of:
前者“…的数量”；后者“许多的”都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。the number of the trees is two thousand.
（用单数谓语。 另注意trees前有限定词）a number of trees h**e been cut down. （用复数谓语。
另注意trees前无限定词）40.延续性动词：how long，since，for，(以上见84）until / till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词(以下划线部分)：
we h**e been in zhengzhou for ten years.
how long may i keep this novel? i’ve lived here since wait until he comes back.. 但否定句中可用短暂性动词，如下面的see与le**e：
i h**en’t seen you for a long time. they won’t le**e until it stops raining.另外，请观察以下短暂性动词转换成延续性动词的常见表达：
lose →be lost. start / begin to do→dogo off→be offstart, begin→be on turn on→be on move to→live inend→be over get, buy→h**e, own borrow→keepdie→be dead go out→be out fall asleep→be asleepget / become + adj →be + adj. open(动词，“打开”) be open(形容词，表状态)arrive in, get to, reach→be in, stay in le**e, go away (from)→be away (from)如以下例子的划线部分(并注意黑体部分的变化)：
the dog died five hours ago. →the dog has been dead for five lost my dictionary two weeks ago. →my dictionary has been lost since two weeks began to teach english last year.
→he has taught english for one arrived in beijing the day before yesterday. →lucy has been in beijing for two bought this bike six months ago. →i h**e owned this book since six months friend borrowed the book last month.
→my friend has kept the book for a left beijing in 1990. →he has been away from beijing since 1990.(注意以上的“for + 时间段”与“since + 时间段 + ago”或“since + 时间点”可互换)
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