一、定语从句。
引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who(宾格whom),所有格whose)和关系副词 where when why 等,关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分,关系代词that,which,who,whom等在从句中分别作主语或宾语,whose在从句中作定语,而关系副词when,where,why等在从句中作状语。
如: ①i will never forget the days when/in which we worked together.
②i will never forget the days which/that we spent together.
解析:在句①中,表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是状语,所以用关系副词when来代指,引导定语从句修饰先行词the days;而在句②中,表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是动词spent的宾语,所以用关系代词that或which来代指。
同样,表示地点或原因的名词如果在从句中作状语,则用关系副词where 或why来代指;如果在从句中作动词的宾语,则用which或that来代替。
如: ①this is the factory where/in which i worked.(作状语)
②this is the factory that/which i visited years ago.(作宾语)
注:当先行词为time,reason, place时,引导词可以省略。如:
①this was the first (when/what) i had serious trouble with my boss.
②that is the reason (why) i did it.
③this is the place (where) we met yesterday.
另外,定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如:
①mr. jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.0
②he is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.
解析:在句①中,先行词foreigner被only修饰,强调只有一个,所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式,而在句②中,who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the students,为复数,所以从句谓语动词应为复数。
感悟:学生之所以在这一点上经常出错,主要是对定语从句的理解不够深刻,分辨不出主句和从句,对句子成分的把握也不到位,搞不清关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当何种句子成分。所以要做好这一类题,要首先弄清关系代词和关系副词的用法,而且应善于分辨和分析句子结构及其相应成分,这样才能对症下药,快速准确地找到瓿之所在。
二名词性从句中的易错点。
(一)that引导的定语从句与同位语从句。
定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系,“…的名词”,而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词,如fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。that在定语从句中必须作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。
如:①along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming christmas. ②do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.
解析:在句①中,that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容,that不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用,而在句②中,that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语,对先行词the chicken farm起修饰作用。
感悟:学生之所以在这一点上容易出错,主要还是因为对定语从句的理解不够深刻,分辨不出that在从句中是否充当了句子成分,因此,还需在句子分析上下功夫,并且搞清何谓同位语从句。
(二)名词性从句中,关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点。
1) 名词性从句作主语或宾语时,为保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如:
it’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.(形式主语)
we think it possible that you can finish the job today.(形式宾语)
2)谓语动词 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, make等接由if或when 引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形式宾语it.
例如:i would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.
3)动词hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引导的**从句式,往往在从句前加形式宾语it.
例如:① i take it that you will be le**ing shanghai soon.
② we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.
4)短语动词answer for, count on depend on, insist on, see to等后接有that引导的宾语从句时,必须冠以形式宾语it.
例如:① i’m counting on it that you will come.
② she’ll see to it that he goes ahead.
注:作形式主语和形式宾语时只能用it.
三、代词it、one、that的用法与区别。
one泛指,指代前面提到的那类人或物,用于指代可数名词,相当于a+名词单数,其复数形式ones前一般要有定语,否则就要用some.
that(those复数)即可指代不可数名词,表特指,相当于the+名词,后面经常与介词修饰语连用。
it指代上文出现的名词,表示同类同物,另外还可表示时间、距离、天气、还可指代人称代词,表示性别身份不明,可作形式主语,形式宾语,引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配,如:get it, catch it, make it.
例如:① i h**e lost my watch. i think i must buy one.我丢了只表,我想我必须再买一只。(代指上文指到的同类事物,但不指同一个)
② where is my pen? h**e you seen it? 我的钢笔不知弄到哪去了,你见了吗?(代指上文提到的同一事物)
③ the land of china is larger than that of america.
④ tome has a red pen and a blue one (或two blue ones)
⑤ he has no child, and he wants toadopt one (或 some)
四、虚拟语气。
虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的易错点。
① if my lawyer had been here last saturday, he would h**e prevented me from going.
② if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.
句子①②都是虚拟语气在条件句中的使用,从句中都是假设过去的情况,所以用过去完成时,但在主句中,句①依然指代过去的情况,谓语动词是would h**e done,而②中含有一个表示现在的时间状语now, 这样就必须将其理解为假设现在的情况,所以谓语动词必须为would/should/might+动词原形,学生在这一点上经常会忽略now的存在,从而按句①的形式填写答案。
ⅱ虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法。
1.在it is important (strange, natural, necessary……)that 句子或者it is decided (ordered,suggested, demanded, advised……)that句子中,主语从句中的谓语动词常用(should)+动词原形结构,表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被决定”等。
例如:① it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night.
② it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.
2. suggest, insist 后面指宾语从句时需注意的地方。
1)①suggest 当“建议”“提出”讲时,其后宾语从句的谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”
例如:he suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建议立即动工。
类似的动词还有insist坚持,demand要求,desire要求、请求,request请求,require要求、需要,order命令,propose建议,command命令,ask要求,advise建议,prefer宁愿等。
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