非谓语动词讲与练
分词。现在分词：
一。 构成：1. 由动词后+ing构成：writing, standing, hoping interesting等。
2. 分词短语的构成：由分词加上其宾语、表语或状语一起构成。
例如：playing football, being ill, standing there.
3. 否定式的构成：由not+ 分词构成，即：not doing. 有时用never
等否定副词+分词：not being ill, not being done, never finding,not h**ing done, not h**ing been done.
h**ing not done, being not done
4. 分词独立结构的构成：由分词的逻辑主语+ 分词构成。
例如：it being a hot day, we decided to go swimming.
he lay there, (with) nobody caring for him.
there being no bus, we had to turn back.
后边有详细讲解)
二．现在分词的形式： 见下表：
1. 一般式：即doing 或being done
何时用一般式？分词动作和主句谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生时用一般式。
1）主动（doing）例：
he sat there, writing letters.(同时，伴随状况状语)
working with them, i felt happy. (同时，时间状语)
he went out, shutting the door from behind him.( 几乎同时，伴随状况)
注意以下几点：
a) 分词的动作与主句谓语动词的时间关系。
b) 分词的逻辑主语，亦即分词的动作发出者是什么。
c) 分词作状语，有时放在主句前面，有时放在后边。
2）被动（being done） 例：
the building being built there will be a hospital.
注意：a) the building 与build 之间的关系。
b) 时间关系：表正在进行的动作，= which is being built
2. 完成式（h**ing done 及h**ing been done）
何时用完成式？如果分词的动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，则分词用完成式。
（1）主动。
例：h**ing finished my homework, i went to bed.（完成了再睡觉）
注意：a) 分词与主句谓语的时间关系。
b) 分词的动作发出者是什么。
（被动）（h**ing been done）
h**ing been read many times, the book looks dirty.( 表原因)
注：分词的完成式不作定语。
the bridge h**ing been built×
三。 分词的特征：
（1）保留动词的特征（即可有自己的宾语、表语、状语）
（2）具有形容词和副词的特征。
由特征推导其语法作用：
四。 句法作用：
1. 定语：单个的分词通常作前置定语（偶尔作后置定语），分词短语通常后置定语。例： a burning stick = a stick which is burning
a developing country = a country which is developing
an interesting book = a book that is interesting
a little child learning to walk often falls. =who is learning
the men working here are all from the countryside.
there i met a friend, fishing.( 非限制性定语)=who was fishing.
the house being built
the house h**ing been built ×
注意以下几点：
分词的逻辑主语（动作发出者）。
分词作定语可以改作定语从句。
分词作定语也有限制性与非限制性之分。
少数分词已经转化成形容词，可受very 修饰。如。
interesting, moving, exciting, satisfying, frightening, inspiring, encouraging,disappointing, missing , comforting, disturbing, promising(有希望的），shocking等。
2. 作表语：the book is interesting (exciting, inspiring) .与进行时态要区分开来。
比较：the news is encouraging. 分词表示主语的性质特征。
the boy is standing there. 进行时表动作正在进行。
3. 作宾补：
see, watch, look at ,hear, listen to, notice, observe, catch sight of, feel
这些感官动词可跟不带to的不定式（被动语态要带上to）又可跟分词作宾补，不同点：不定式表示动作的全过程，而分词表示动作的片段或动作正在发生。
例：i saw him go upstairs.
i saw him going upstairs.
h**e (get) +宾语+ 分词（延续性动词）指状态。而h**e+宾语+ do和get+宾语+to do 指具体的动作。
they had their lights burning all night.(延续的动作)
don’t get him staying too long. (延续的动作)
h**e him shut the door （具体动作）
get him to do the work.
×h**e him taking down the map.(瞬时性的动作)
×get him shutting the door. .瞬时性的动作)
find (keep, le**e)+ 宾语+分词（指状态）
keep, find后边宾补跟不定式？？？
le**e 可以跟不定式例：
did you find him wandering along the street?
sorry to h**e kept you waiting so long.
don’t le**e him standing outside.
4. 作状语：表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步、伴随或陪衬动作。（重点掌握）
表时间：h**ing done my work, i had a rest. 改为从句。
climbing to the top of mountain, i saw a beautiful scene. 改为从句。
注： 注意分词的逻辑主语是什么（亦即动作的发出者）
表示时间常放句首。
有时为了强调分词的动作与主句动作同时发生，分词前可以加when, while等。
when staying in the countryside, we often go fishing.
while waiting for the train, i had a long talk with jim.
when going home, she met betty.
be careful while crossing the road.(把这些句子改为含状语从句的复合句)
②表原因：being ill, i had to stay at home., as i was ill,……
being tired, the farmer decided to take a rest under the big tree.
not knowing what to do, i want to ask my teacher for advice. =状语从句？
③表方式（方式状语）
the rain came pouring down.(大雨倾盆而下，表雨来的方式)
he stood leaning against the wall. 表站的方式。
the ant nurses keep the queen clean ,washing her with their tongues.
(保持干净的方式)
表结果： the sap (树液) passes right through their bodies, only getting a little thicker and sweeter.(结果变得又浓又甜)
he raised himself completely, obliging me to rise too.(他完全站起来，结果迫使我也站起来了).
非谓语动词讲解
非谓语动词。1.概念和功能 做非谓语成分 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 宾补 的动词形式，包括 ing分词，不定式和 ed分词。2.非谓语动词使用条件 一个简单句里只能有一个谓语动词，是主要动作 如果还需要用动词，则只能用非谓语动词作其它成分，表示次要动作 如果一个句子里面有两个或两个以上的谓语动词...
非谓语动词讲解
非谓语复习要点。一 非谓语动词作定语。一 不定式作定语。1.用不定式作定语的几种情况 1 不定式表将来。如 the car to be bought is for his sister.2 被序数词 最高级或no，all，any等修饰的名词 代词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。如 he was th...
非谓语动词讲解
非谓语动词。一 非谓语概论。在英语中，如果没有连词，一个句子只能有一个动词作谓语，其余的动词都必须采用非谓语形式。he going to the cinema 错 he to go to the cinema.错 he gone to the cinema.错 he goes to the cine...