①非谓语动词讲解(non finite verbs)
一、概述:1. 谓语动词:在句子中担任谓语的动词。
2. 非谓语动词:是动词的特殊形式,在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分。
2、非谓语动词使用条件:
一个句子当中,已经存在一个主句(谓语动词),又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。
she got off the bus, le**ing her handbag on her seat.
she got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.
非谓语动词在句中可做的成分:
the teachers sitting there are from other schools.
主语定语连系动词表语。
we saw some teachers sitting there.
谓语宾语宾语补足语。
双宾语与复合宾语。
双宾语是指句中包含两个宾语,一个是直接宾语,另一个是间接宾语。即“双宾语=直接宾语+间接宾语”,往往指人的为间接宾语,指物的为直接宾语,他们之间是非主谓关系;
复合宾语是指句中包含一个宾语和一个宾语补足语,即“复合宾语=宾语+宾语补足语”,一般情况下(除过去分词作宾补外)宾语与宾补为逻辑主谓关系。
we need to be active in class.
宾语。总结:非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等。
④to see you is glad.
=it’s glad to see you. (作主语)
i want to see you. (作宾语)
i want him to see you. (作宾补)
my hope is to see you. (作表语)
he is the man to see you. (作定语)
i’m glad to see you. (作原因状语)
i went to see you. (作目的状语)
he went so early as to see you(作结果状语)
1、动词不定式的基本构成:
由不定式符号to+动词原型构成。其否定形式由not + 不定式构成。
肯定式:to do sth否定式:not to do sth
被动式: to be done完成式:to h**e done
2、动词不定式的句法作用:
动词不定式有副词,形容词和名词的特征,因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等成份。
1)做主语:不定式做主语时,可以直接放在谓语动词之前。
to see is to believe.
not to get there in time is your fault.
注:常用it做形式主语,将to do放在位于之后,使句子保持平衡。
句型1:it + 谓语 + to do
①it takes us an hour __get there by bus.
句型2:it’s + n. +to do
①it’s our duty __help the poor.
② it is a great enjoyment __spend our holiday in the mountains
句型3:it is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.
it is + adj + for sb to do sth (是形容事物的性质的 )
it is + adj + of sb to do sth (是形容人的品质的 )
it is easy for me to finish this work before ten.
it is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.
2) 作宾语
1>接不定式做宾语。
i want to know this matter.
i don’t expect to meet you here.
常见动词有(接不定式做宾语):
like, demand(要求,请求), expect(.预期;期待;盼望), promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage(使用;办理,能解决(问题)),learn, seem, intend(打算;想要;意指), prefer, forget, mean, prepare, pretend, continue, start, afford(买得起;担负得起;提供;给予), hate等。
1. they wanted __get ) on the bus, didn’t they?
2. he said he wished __be ) a professor.
3. i agreed___go ) there with the doctor.
4. my daughter preferreddance ) when she was in her twenties.
5. he had promisedgive ) me a hand.
2> 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:
tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain… know, show, discover, see(understand)
he taught us how to use the tool.
no one could tell me where to get the book.
i hope you’ll advise me what to do.
(1)begin后跟to do或doing,含义上没有多少差异。如果谈论一个长期的习惯动作开始养成时,更加常用begin doing。例如:
how old were you when you first began playing the piano?
2)当begin后面跟的是understand,realize,see,know,think等动词时,用begin to do。例如:
she began to think she was wrong after a second thought.
经过重新考虑后,她开始认为她错了。
3)当begin用于进行时态时,其后跟to do。如:
mary is beginning to do her homework.
4)当主语是物或用于描述天气变化时,其后跟to do。如:
the water began to boil. 水开始开了。
it began to get dark before we knew it. 不知不觉地天黑下来了。
start to do sth.(begin/starttodosth.)和start doing sth.(begin/startdoingsth.)都表示“开始做某事”
主要体现在以下四个方面:
1) 表示开始一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing.
此时start/begin doing多用于表示开始一项较长时间或经常性的活动)
howoldwereyouwhenyoufirststartedplayingthepiano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴?
2)begin,start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式todo
iwasbeginningtogetangry。我开始生起气来。
3)在attempt,intend,begin,start后接know,understand,realize这类表示心理状态或精神活动的动词时,常用不定式todo。
ibegintounderstandthetruth。我开始明白真相。
mary started to guess what is in the bag. 玛丽开始猜包里有什么东西了。
4)物作主语时。
句子主语是物不是人的时候,后用start to do sth)
it /the snow begantomelt.雪开始融化。
另:start+名词的用法,start为及物动词时也可以直接+名词使用,表示开始、着手某事(例如:start work,start an experiment)/开始做什么。
注:没有start do sth的用法。
continue to do继续做另一件事情(已经完成一件工作)
after he finished reading a novel, he continued to play games with his friends.
他读完**后跟朋友们继续玩游戏。
continue doing继续做同一件事(还没完成)
after a rest, he continues his reading.
稍事休息后,他继续看书。
1,likedoingsth表示长时间的喜欢做某事,指兴趣爱好。在意义上比较一般和抽象,时间观念不强,不指某一次动作;例:
ilikewatchingtv.我喜欢看电视。
2、like to do sth 想去做某事(表示有个趋向性,非长期)指具体的某个动作,表偶尔一次喜欢做某事、或者突然喜欢干某事。
love 、 hate、prefer 用法相似。
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