英语基础知识系列复习讲座之七。
非谓语动词。
高考重点要求。
1.掌握不定式、分词、动名词在句子中的作用,正确运用非谓语动词进行书面表达。
2.区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同。
3.掌握不定式、动名词作宾语,不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构。
4.注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系,以确定非谓语动词的时态形式。
5.弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,以确定非谓语动词的语态形式。
i.非谓语动词的各种形式及其作用:
★表一:非谓语动词的各种形式。
表二:非谓语动词在句子中的作用。
ii.三者之间的比较:
◆1.作主语时,不定式和动名词的区别:
①概念区别:不定式作主语通常表示某个较具体(时间、场合、对象)的动作,或表示说话者的某种看法。动名词作主语通常表示某个一般的抽象的动作或说话者的亲身经历。
eg. looking after children is a demanding(需要耐性的)job.
eg. to look after these children really requires patience.
★ ②在“it is + adj. for sb. to do sth.
”和“it is + adj. of sb. to do sth.
”句型中介词“for”和“of”的使用。
说明1.it is + adj. for sb. to do sth.不能换成 sb. is + adj. to do sth.
eg. it is necessary for us to help each other.
说明2.it is + adj. of sb. to do sth. 可以换成sb. is + adj. to do sth.
eg. it was impolite of you to do so. =you were impolite to do so.
③ 在it is no use / no good / useless / dangerous等之后常接doing sth. /one’s doing sth.
eg. it is no use your pretending not to know the rules.
eg. it is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
eg. it is dangerous driving at such a high speed.
在there is no之后接动名词。表示“无法…”
eg. there is no knowing what he wants to do next.
eg. there is no hiding of evil but not to do it. 要想人不知,除非已莫为。
在主-系-表结构中,主语与表语形式要一致。
eg. seeing is believing. eg. to see is to believe. 眼见为实。
eg. to live is to work. eg. to s**e time is to lengthen life.
⑥ 动名词的复合结构。
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构。这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语。
动名词的复合结构有四种形式:
形容词性物主代词+动名词;
名词's+动名词;
代词宾格+动名词;
名词+动名词。
动名词的复合结构可在句中作主语或宾语。作主语时,不能用③、④两种形式。
◆2.作表语时,不定式、动名词和分词之间的区别。
不定式和动名词的区别:
a.不定式作表语表示某个较具体的动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般的动作。
eg. the first thing that we’ll do tomorrow morning is to remove the big stone.
eg. his greatest happiness is serving the people heart and soul.
b.不定式作表语通常表示尚未发生动作;动名词作表语不强调时间概念。
eg. what i am thinking now is to call on mr. martin tomorrow.
eg. his f**orite sport is playing football.
②现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别:
现在分词表示主语的特征,常译为“令人…的”;过去分词表示主语的感受,译为“感到…的”;或表示事情的终结译为“…了的”。
eg. the news is excitingeg. we are excited at the news.
eg. the teacher is disappointingeg. the teacher is disappointed.
eg. the glass is brokeneg. the shop is closed.
◆3.作宾语时,不定式和动名词的区别。
下列动词后接to do与doing在意义上没有区别。
attempt, begin / start, bear , continue, intend, like, prefer, etc.
说明1:下列情况下begin / start后只接to do
a. 当begin / start为进行时态时。
eg. it’s beginning to rain. eg. he is beginning to learn japanese.
b. 当begin / start后接感知性动词时。(常见的感知性动词有:
see, know, understand, realize, think, consider, doubt, wonder, feel, wish, like / love等)
eg. i’m glad that you h**e begun to realize your mistake.
eg. someone began to doubt whether this plan was practicable.
说明2: 当涉及到具体时间和地点时,like后常接to do sth. 译为“愿意…”“想…”
eg. i like swimming but i don’t like to swim today.
★②下列动词后接to do和doing时,意义上有区别。
hate to do sth. (在某个场合)不愿去做某事
hate doing sth. 一向不喜欢做…
mean to do 计划,打算,想…
mean doing 意味着…
try to do 努力,尽力,试图
try doing 试着。
stop to do 停下来去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做正在干的事。
learn to do 学会。
learn doing 开始学习
propose to do 打算,想。
propose doing 建议。
go on to do sth. 接着干另一件事
go on doing sth. =go on with sth. 连续不断做某事;(暂停后)继续做某事…
can’t help (to) do 不能帮忙干…
can’t help doing 禁不住干…
下列动词后接to do或doing时,表示的时间概念不同。
remember to do 记得要做…(祈使句中表“记住做…”)
remember doing 记得做过了某事。
forget to do 忘记要做…
forget doing 忘记做过…
regret to say / tell / inform / hear 遗憾,对不起。
regret doing sth. 后悔做过…
★④need, want, require, deserve后接doing或to be done.表示的意义相同。
即:need, want, require, deserve + doing sth.
need, want, require, deserve +to be done 需要……
eg. the bike deserves repairing / to be repaired.
eg. the old man needs looking after well. =the old man needs to be well looked after.
★⑤下列动词后只跟to do.
agree, ask / demand / require, care, choose, claim, decide, determine, expect, fail, hesitate, hope / wish, manage, offer / promise, plan, prepare, pretend, refuse, threaten, volunteer, want, need, would like / would love / should like / should love以及序数词之后。
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