非谓语动词。
一、非谓语概论。
在英语中，如果没有连词，一个句子只能有一个动词作谓语，其余的动词都必须采用非谓语形式。
he going to the cinema(错)
he to go to the cinema.(错)
he gone to the cinema.(错)
he goes to the cinema.(对)
he went to the cinema. (对)
he has gone to the cinema. (对)
he is going to the cinema. (对)
he decided to go to the cinema. (对)
he has finished reading the book.(对)
he has two brothers, both of them are workers.(错)。
he has two brothers, and both of them are workers.(对)
he has two brothers, both of whom are workers.(对)
he has two brothers, both of them being workers.(对)
动词除了作谓语之外，还经常作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。作谓语以外的其他成分的动词必须采用to do(不定式)，doing(动名词和现在分词) 或done(过去分词)的形式。
二、非谓语作主语。
作主语的动词不能用原形，必须采用 to do或doing的形式(单独的过去分词done不能作主语)，它们的含义有所不同。
一般说来，动名词作主语表示一种经常性的、抽象的和泛指的动作，而不定式作主语则表示一次性的、具体的动作。换句话说，动名词作主语通常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，而不定式作主语往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。例如：
lying is wrong.（泛指lying的做法或作风）
to lie is wrong.（对于说谎者是谁，说话人心中是有所指的）
to live in beijing is the height of tom’s ambition.（对某个特定的动作执行者而言）
swimming is good for your health.（指游泳这项运动）
此外，在实际使用中，用不定式还是动名词，主要依据以下原则：
1.不定式作主语时，经常用形式主语it置于句首，而将真正主语不定式后置。例如：
it is bad manners to speak like that.
it is necessary to master a foreign language.
动名词作主语经常置于句首，用形式主语it的情况较少。例如：
living in beijing must be wonderful.
较少用it must be wonderful living in beijing.
但在下列it作形式主语的结构中常用动名词：
it is useless/no use/no good/a waste of time doing sth. 例如：
it’s useless studying english without practice.
it’s no use talking about it.
it’s no good arguing with him.
it is a waste of time your talking to him.
2.不定式的逻辑主语是在to do前加for sb./sth.
(部分形容词用of)，动名词的逻辑主语是在doing前加所有格，但必须注意的是作主语的动名词逻辑主语必须用所有格，作宾语的动名词逻辑主语可以用所有格，也可以用宾格。
it is impossible for him to come to the party.
his being late made the teacher angry.
would you mind my/me smoking here?
3.在“主－系－表”结构中，主语和表语所采用的非谓语形式要一致，即：表语是不定式时，主语也用不定式；表语是动名词时，主语也用动名词。
to see is to believe.
seeing is believing.
4.疑问词后必须跟不定式。
when to start has not been decided.
i don’t know what to do.
三、非谓语作宾语。
作宾语的动词只能采取to do和—ing 形式中的一种或两种。
i. 常见的只能以不定式作宾语的动词有：
afford, agree, bother, choose, decide, determine, expect, fail, help, hesitate, hope, learn, long(渴望), manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, tend, wish, would like等。
i want to take these books to the classroom.
little jim should love to be taken to the zoo this week.
ii. 常见的只能跟—ing的动词和动词词组有：
advise, admit(承认), allow, appreciate, **oid, complete, consider(考虑), delay(耽误), deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, miss(错过), permit, postpone, practise, resist, risk(冒险), suggest; can’t help(忍不住), give up, put off(推迟), look forward to, feel like, set about, 等等。
they h**en’t finished building the dam.
we h**e to prevent the air from being polluted。
iii. 有些动词和动词短语既可接动词不定式作宾语，又可接—ing形式作宾语，但所表达的意义不同。对此，应该注意弄清楚它们的区别。常见的这类动词和动词短语有：
1. forget 和remember
forget/remember doing
表示“忘记/记得做过的事”；
forget/remember to do
表示“忘记/记住要做的事”；
2. stop to do停下来去做某事；
stop doing 停止做某事。
3. go on to do接着做另一件事；
go on doing继续做同一件事。
4. try to do 试图做某事；
try doing试着做某事。
5. regret to do遗憾地做某事；
regret doing后悔已做的事。
6. mean to do想做某事；
mean doing意味着做某事。
do you mean to tell me you didn’t post the letter?
taking a taxi means s**ing time.
7. can’t help (to) do sth.(不能帮助做某事)
can’t help doing sth. (情不自禁做某事)
iv. 这里要特别注意advise, allow, permit, forbid等词，它们后面直接跟作宾语的动词时必须用—ing形式，不能用不定式；如果后跟作宾语补足语的动词时用不定式，例：
we don’t allow smoking here.
we don’t allow you to smoke here.
smoking is forbidden here.
we are forbidden to smoke here.
v. consider解释为“考虑”时以—ing分词作宾语，解释为“认为”时以不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语，例：
we are considering rebuilding the hotel.
we consider him to be a diligent student.
bell is considered to h**e invented the first telephone.
vi. need, require, want
i need to repair the radio.(不定式的主动态表示主语是动词repair的执行者)
the radio needs to be repaired/repairing. (不定式的被动态表示主语是动词repair的承受者，此时也可采用—ing的主动形式)
vii. -ing和不定式都能跟且区别不大的动词。
begin, continue, hate, like, love, start,viii. 动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when, how much, how many等一起在句中作宾语。
we’d better find out where to put it.
ix. 动词不定式作宾语时，如果后面有宾语补足语，常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语不定式放在宾语补足语之后。可以采用此结构的动词有：find, think, make等。
the man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep.
x. 介词后面动词都要用—ing形式，特别是某些词组中的to是介词，要跟—ing分词，不能跟不定式，这些词组有：
be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于， be addicted to 沉溺于，devote oneself to /be devoted to献身于，look forward to 盼望，object to反对，pay attention to 注意，prefer…to…, stick to 坚持，turn to开始/转向等。
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