一, 定义;非谓语动词是在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式。
二, 特点;非谓语动词具有双重性,即,在意思上,具有动词的某些特点(有时态。
语态的变化,也可以带有自己的宾语和状语。但没有单复数变化和人称变化。);在语法功能上,具有名词,形容词,副词的用法。
三, 形式;1,不定式。 to do(名词,形容词,副词)
2,动名词。doing(名词)
3,分词。doing/done(现在分词和过去分词)(形容词,副词)
四, 非谓语动词的用法。
一)不定式
1,不定式的语法功能。
1)作主语不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。如:it took us two hours to finish the job.
it is impossible for us to get there on time.
it is very kind of you to help us.
注意:(1)其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。
(2)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用it is …to…的句型。试比较: it is to negate my own idea to believe him.
(错)to believe him is to negate my own idea .(对)
3)it is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时,用of, 否则用 for.
2)作宾语。
1) 动词+不定式。如:
he managed to escape from the fire.
i find it hard to get along with him.(it 作形式宾语)
注:下列动词通常用不定式作宾语:want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等。
2) 动词+疑问词+to , 特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。如:
i don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.
i can’t decide when to go there.
注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语。如:
i find it necessary to learn a foreign language.
3)作宾语补足语。
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do )。如:
he warned me to be careful. i want you to speak to tom.
what makes you think so?(不带to的不定式)
注:可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish ,warn, expect, prefer, encourage
2) 表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如:
we consider tom to be one of the best students in our class.
the book is believed to be useful.(被动语态)
(3) there +不定式。如:
we didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
注意:1)有些动词需用 as 短语作补语,像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如:
we regard tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
2)在动词feel (一感),hear, listen to(二听),h**e, let, make(三让),notice, see, watch, observe, look at(五看)(即:吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to。如:
they saw the boy fall off the tree. the boy was seen to fall off the tree.
3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.
i often help him (to)clean the room. i helped him (to) find his things.
4)作定语。
不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词,不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如:
i h**e a lot of work to do.(动宾关系) he is looking for a room to live in.(动状关系)
he is the first person to think of the idea.(主谓关系)
he has got a chance to go abroad.(同位关系)
注意:1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动。如:
do you h**e anything else to say?
2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如:
i need a pen to write with . i will write with the pen ) 我需要一直钢笔写字)
i h**e a little baby to look after .(i must look after the little baby ) 我有一个婴儿要照看)
5)作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等,有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语,如in order to , so as to, so…as to, such …as to, …enough to, too…to等。
1) 做目的状语,to, only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)….as to…(如此···以便···如:
he ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
he came to the school to see his son.
2) 作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。如:
he hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.
he searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 做原因状语。如:
we were very excited to hear the news. i’m glad to see you.
4) 做条件状语。如:
to turn to the left , you could find a post office.
6)作表语。
不定式可放在be动词后面,构成表语。如:
the question is how to put it into practice. my question is when to le**e.
his dream is to be a doctor. her work is to look after the babies.
注意:1.不定式在句中作表语时,对应的谓语动词用单数。
2.当主语是不定式时,表语不能用ving形式,可用不定式。
如:to see is to believe. (眼见为实)
7)独立结构。如:
to tell you the truth, i don’t agree with you. to make matters worse, it began to rain.
2,不定式的时态和语态。
主动语态被动语态。
一般式to doto be done
进行式to be doing无。
完成式to h**e doneto h**e been done
完成进行式 to h**e been doing无。
1)时态:(与句子谓语动词比较)
1) 一般式:有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如:
he seems to know this. i hope to see you again.
2) 完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:
i’m sorry to h**e given you so much trouble. he seems to h**e caught a cold.
they pretended to h**e finished their work.
3) 进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如:
he seems to be eating something.
they pretended to be working hard at their lessons when the teacher came in.
非谓语动词讲解及练习
非谓语动词。非谓语基本形式及在句中的成分一览表 以 do为例 注意 1.过去分词就是表示完成 被动的意义,不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成。不及物动词的不定式,现在分词和动名词没有被动式。2.非谓语的否定式都是由 not 非谓语 构成。一 动词不定式 由 to 动词原形 而成的不定式 基本形式 to ...
非谓语动词讲解与练习
非谓语动词。非谓语动词是指分词 包括现在分词和过去分词 不定式 动名词等三种形式,即 doing,done to do,doing 现在分词doing 有being done 被动式 h ing done 完成式 h ing been do ne 完成被动式 不定式 to do 有to be don...
非谓语动词讲解和练习
非谓语动词。一 接省to的动词不定式,即动词原形做宾语补足语的动词 我们的 4 3 2 1 法则。4看 lookat,watch,see,notice 3使役 make,let,h e 2听 listento,hear 1感觉 feel 再加上一个help,helpsbtodosth或helpsbd...