一、非谓语动词句法功能。
二、不定式、动名词作主语。
.动名词和不定式做主语的相同点：
1.都可用it做形式主语：①it is not easy to learn english well. ②it is no use asking him for help.
2.保持对称性：to see is to believe. =seeing is believing. (眼见为实)
.动名词和不定式做主语的不同点：
1.不定式表示具体的某一动作；动名词表示泛指的、一般的、抽象的概念：to take a walk is the last thing i want to do now.
walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
2.在“there/it+be+no use(point/good/help/need)”之后常用动名词做主语：①it/there is no use crying over the split milk.
(若for引出逻辑主语，则用不定式：there is no good for us to do that.)
3.不定式可以和when, where, how, what, whether等连用，在句中做主、宾、表，动名词不能：①how to solve the problem is a hot potato.
②where to put the box seems hard to decide.
三、不定式、动名词作宾语。
. 只能用不定式作宾语：decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help, afford, strive, happen, wait
. 只能用动名词作宾语：consider, suggest/advise, excuse/pardon, admit, delay/put off, fancy, **oid, miss, keep/keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate, forbid, imagine, risk, mind, allow/permit, escape; be used to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), h**e difficulty/trouble (in), h**e a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in), look forward to
. 既可跟动名词，也可跟不定式作宾语：
1. forget, remember, regret, stop, try, mean, go on, can’t help, like, love, prefer
sb. to do sthto be done (需要被做)
2. allow/permit/forbid/advise3. need/want/require doing (需要被做)
doing sthsb. to do sth.
smoking is forbidden here but you are allowed to smoke. ②we don’t allow smoking here.
4. worth 与 worthy 的用法。
be worth + n. /doing this necklace is worth 1,000 dollars. this place is worth visiting.
be worthy of + nthis place is worthy of a visit.
be worthy of being done this place is worthy of being visited.
be worthy to be done this place is worthy to be visited
5. but, except, besides, other than前有do的某种形式，则其后不定式省略to：①we could do nothing other than wait.
②we had nothing to do but wait. ③we had no choice but to wait.
6. can’t choose but, can’t help but, can’t but, had better, would rather后不定式省略to.
7. 不定式作“tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out”的宾语时，常用“how, what, whether, where, when, who + to do”结构，但“why + do
四、不定式、分词作定语。
. 不定式作定语。
1. 不定式表将来：h**e you anything to send? (比较h**e you anything to be sent?)
2. 中心词被序数词、最高级、no, all, any限定：he was the best man to do the job.
3. 抽象名词：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time等：
i h**e no chance to go sightseeing.
. 分词作定语。
1. 及物动词：①doing主动、进行 ②being done被动、进行 ③done被动、完成：
①i saw a bird flying in the sky. ②the houses being built are for the teachers. ③the broken glass is tom’s.
2. 不及物动词：doing主动、进行；done完成：boiling water, boiled water; falling leaf, fallen leaf
. 被动意义非谓语动词“to be done; done; being done”作定语的区别。
h**e you read the novel written by dickens? (被动，完成)
listen! the song being sung is very popular with the students. (被动，正在进行)
the question to be discussed at the meeting is a very important one. (被动，将来)
五、不定式、分词作状语。
. 不定式作状语，表结果、原因、条件、目的：
we started out early to **oid morning rush hours. (目的)
she was too tired to do the job. he was so excited not to say a few words. (结果)
i am so sorry to hear your grandmother is ill. (置于表喜怒哀乐形容词后表原因)
to stay with her for a while, you would find her a very kind lady. (条件)
he is old enough to go to school. (enough程度， in order to/so as to目的)
. 分词作状语，表结果(现分)、原因、条件、时间、方式、让步、伴随：
when offered help, one often says “thank you.” or “it’s kind of you.” 时间)
he glanced over at her, noticing that she was a little upset.(结果)
being made fun of, she couldn't help crying. (原因)
not h**ing made full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week. (原因)
h**ing been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)
. 不定式、分词作结果、原因、条件状语的区别
作结果状语，不定式表出乎意料的结果；现在分词表自然的结果。并且，充当结果状语的现在分词的逻辑主语有时并不是句子的主语，而是句子的内容或部分内容：he hurried to the station only to find the train gone.
a lot of good land has gone with them, le**ing only sand.
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