非谓语动词。
非谓语动词是指分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)、不定式、动名词等三种形式,即:
doing, done ,to do,doing
现在分词doing : 有being done(被动式) ;h**ing done (完成式); h**ing been do
ne (完成被动式)
不定式 to do : 有to be done (被动式); to h**e done (完成式); to be doing(进行式)
动名词 doing : 有h**ing done(完成式); being done(被动式) ;
非谓语动词的特点: 三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征,虽然它们没有人称和数的变化,但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征:
分词具有形容词和副词的特征;动名词具有名词的特征;不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
一.动词不定式。
1.下列短语中的to 都是介词。
agree toobject toclose to, come to, lead to, refer to, equal to , familiar to , point to, thank to , devote… to, next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to
2.to的省略。
能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有:
see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , h**emake, observe, notice
注: 当这些词为被动式时,不定式要带to , 如:
hewas seen to playin the street just now.
在had better, would rather, cannot but, do nothing but 等结构后省去to.
you’d better tell him the truth.
he cannot but agree.他不得不同意。
i cannot do anything but give in
如果but, except 前有行为动词do, 则省去之后的to, 反之则须带to.
i h**e no choice but to give in.
当被省略的不定式的内容使作助动词用的h**e或 be 的任何形式时,to后要保留原形h**e或be
3. 动词不定式的时态。
一般式:不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生。
i want to h**e a holiday as soon as possible.
he seems to know the secret.
完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。
i am sorry to h**e given you so much trouble.
4. 不定式的语态。
i h**e got a letter to write.
i h**e got a letter to be written.
he is hard to talk to.
5.不定式作状语,可以有以下几种意义:
1)he is lucky to get here on time . 原因。
2) he came to help me with my maths . 目的。
3)i hurried to get there only to find him out .表示出乎意料的结果
the book is too hard for the boy to read .结果。
he is old enough to go to school .
6.常跟不定式作宾语的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend ,refuse ,manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, afford, ask, decide, expect, intend等 you must learn to look after yourself.
i find it interesting to work with him.
7.常跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:ask, tell, invite, get, advise, allow, want, permit, warn, hate, encourage, prefer, expect, order, wish等。
we advised him to h**e a good rest.
二.动名词。
1.it’s no use talking with him .
it’s no good speaking to them like that .
2.there’s some difficulty ( in ) doing …
在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换:
trouble , problem, fun, pleasure, a good time, a hard time
to do … 忘记要做某事forget doing…忘记做了某事。
remember to do…记住要做某事remember doing …记着做了某事。
mean to do … 有意要做某事mean doing … 意味着做了某事。
regret to do … 对要做的事表示后悔regretdoing … 对做过去的事后悔。
can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事。
try to do … 尽力去做某事try doing 试着做某事。
learn to do … 学着去做某事learn doing … 学会做某事。
stop to do … 停下来去做(另一件事)stop doing … 停止做某事。
go on to do … 接着做(另外一件事)go on doing … 继续做某事。
used to do … 过去做某事be used to doing … 习惯做某事。
4. 动名词主动形式表被动的情况:
need doing , want doing , require doing =need, want ,require to be done
例如:this room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。
5.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词:
admit , **oid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy, escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require ,suggest , risk , keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , can’t help , can’t stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include ,三. 分词。
1.注意的四种结构:
h**e something to do有某事要做h**e something done 使某事被做。
h**e somebody do something 使某人做某事h**e something doing 让某事一直做着。
2. 现在分词的时态。
一般式:表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或现在分词表示的动作发生后,谓语动词表示的动作紧接着发生。
being a student, he was interested in books.
le**ing school, he joined the army.
完成式:现在分词的完成式表示的动作在句中谓语动词发生的动作之前发生,具有主动意义。
not h**ing received an answer, he decided to write again.
h**ing studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the place very well.
3.分词做状语与不定式的区别:
分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、 条件、方式、伴随等;而不定式表示目的和结果。
h**ingfinished the homework , i went home . 时间)
being a party member , i should work hard . 原因)
given more time ,i can do my work better . 条件 )
he ran out of the classroom ,shouting at theboy. (伴随)
to get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . 目的 )
he is old enough to join the army .(结果)
4.不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别:
i h**e a problem to be discussedat the meeting .(将来)
the building being built on the river is the science museum . 正在进行)
the building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . 过去)
5.分词做状语需要注意的一个问题:
seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .(错误 )
seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful .(正确)
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