定语从句（一）
1． 概念：主句、从句、定语从句、先行词、引导词。
定语从句：以句子的形式存在，在整个复合句中起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，即充当定语成分。
从句的特点：①由引导词引导；②从句的时态要服从于主句；③从句的语序为陈述句的语序；
定语从句的结构通常为：先行词 + 引导词 + 从句。
2． 引导词that, which与who的区别与选择：
引导词的选择由先行词及引导词本身在从句中充当的成分而定。
3． 将两个简单句合成一个含定语从句的复合句：
步骤：①找到先行词；②确定主句；（翻译）③在整个从句之前加上引导词，且将从句中的“先行词”去掉，然后放在主句的先行词之后。（代入）
example: ①mr. smith had brought a car. the car was destroyed in an earthquake.
分析：①先行词car；②主句：the car was destroyed in an earthquake.
③﹎mr. smith had brought a car. →which∕that mr. smith had brought.
结论：④the car which∕that mr. smith had brought was destroyed in an earthquake.
practice: ①he was surprised at the trousers. his mother and sister shortened it twice.
the story was very long. the story was told by the famous writer.
③english is a language. english is widely used in business.
④he g**e me a book. the book is of great value.
⑤this is the car. he came here in the car.
⑥i saw the man just now. he is the man.
⑦the house is on yan’an road. mary has bought the house.
⑧i usually take the bus. the bus was very crowed yesterday.
定语从句（二）
1． 引导词归属于从句且在从句中充当一定的成分！！！在从句中which, who及that可充当主语或宾语；而whom只能充当宾语。）
a country is a nation which has its own government, land and population.
分析：从句为which has its own government, land and population.在这不能将引导词which与从句割裂。
由此我们发现引导词which在从句中充当了主语。
that’s the place (that) we visited the other day.
分析： 从句为that we visited the other day. 引导词that在从句中充当了动词visited宾语。
2． 当引导词在从句中充当宾语时，可以省略引导词。如例②中引导词that就可以被省略。
3． 在从句中除了先行词必须前置于整个从句，从句中的介词也可前移到引导词之前，但前移后，引导词不可省略且先行词指人时引导词只能用whom; 指物只能用which。
this is the book for which he asked.=this is the book which/that he asked for.
that is the house in which he lived 10years ago.=that is the house (which/that) he lived in 10 years ago.
但含有介词的固定的动词短语一般不可拆开。）
this is the pen which he has been looking for.不能说成：
this is the pen for which he has been looking.
4． 将一个含有定语从句的复合句分拆成两个简单句：①主句即是一个；②将从句中的引导词换成先行词，再调整位置即可成为第二个简单句。
example：the lady to whom he sent a letter was a musician.→
the lady was a musician. ②he sent a letter to the lady.
practice:
the man that wrote the book is jack’s father.→
she is the singer whom i met last week.→
is this the book which you talked about yesterday?→
she is not on the train which arrived a few minutes ago.→
he built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.→
put the followings into english.
你能否告诉我上周你参观过的那个工厂的名字？
他们最喜欢的运动是网球。
无家可归的人数多达25万。
你可以拿任何你喜欢的东西。
我很喜欢你送我的这份礼物。
定语从句（三）
that与which的用法：
1． 只能用that，不能用which的情况：
先行词被形容词的最高级所修饰；
先行词被序数词所修饰；
先行词被no; much; only; any; very等副词所修饰；
先行词是anything; everything; nothing; all; much等不定代词；
先行词既有人又有物。
2． 只能用which不能用that的情况：
介词前移到关系代词之前；
在非限定性定语从句中，指物或一整件事时。
practice:
1． tell me everything___you know.
2． this is the book for___he asked.
3． this is the only english-chinese dictionary___i h**e.
4． this is the most beautiful city___i h**e visited.
5． this is the question about___we’ve had so much discussion.
6． he talked of the men and things___he met when he went to college.
7． lili is the last person___he saw.
8． there are lines on her face, _shows she is not young.
9． the speaker mentioned some authors and books___were unknown to us.
10. yesterday he brought two books, _were written by a young chinese writer.
11. she is the only one among us __knows french.
12. i saw all the glasses __were on the table fall off onto the floor.
定语从句（四）
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句：
1． 完整性：限定性定语从句相对于主句更加不可或缺，联系更加紧密；
2． 逗号：非限定性定语从句中有逗号可以将先行词和从句隔开；
3． 汉译：限定性定语从句通常被译成前置定语，而非限定性定语从句常被译成两个简单句。
非限定性定语从句的引导词which的特点：
which可以指物，也可以指一整件事（即一整个句子）
practice:
1. he said he had never seen her before,__was not true.
2. we visited the historical museum last sunday, _everyone was deeply moved.
3. she took care of the little boy, _parents had gone abroad.
4. he is a classmate of mine, _i h**en’t seen for ages.
5. he was born in 1983, _his family was poor.
6. i bought a book, the name of __is the adventure of tom sawyer.
7. i bought a book, _name is the adventure of tom sawyer.
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