定语从句。
限制性定语从句。
定语从句。非限制性定语从句。
1.限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰、限制与确定的作用，如果去掉，先行词就不能明确表示所指对象。所以，限制性定语从句和它的先行词时不可分割的，如果缺少，意思就残缺。因此，限制性定语从句在口语中没有停顿，在书面语中不用逗号隔开。
these are the things (that) you need. 这些是你需要的东西。
the friend with whom i was tr**eling spoke french.
和我一道旅行的那位朋友**语。
2.非限制性定语从句。
非限制性定语从句主要是补充说明先行词，与先行词的关系比较松散，如果没有，主语的意思也相当完整。因而，非限制性定语从句在口语中有停顿，在书面语中用逗号隔开。
we’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气会好一些。
he studied in a village school, which is named after his grandfather.
杰克在一个乡村学校上学，这所学校以他祖父的名字命名。
定语从句———限制性定语从句。
1、概念。定语从句：由关系词引导的从句。其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，一般紧跟在塔索西亚是的先行词的后面。
2、关系词的分类。
1.关系代词：that，which，who，whom，whose，as
2.关系副词：when，where，why
3、全面击破。
1.关系代词引导定语从句的基本用法。
1）that的用法。
that既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语；作宾语和表语时可以省略。that可以代替who，whom，which，但在习惯上常用who，whom指人，用which指物。但是，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，也不能跟在介词后面。
the woman that spoke to me in the bookstore used to live next door. (作主语）
在书店里跟我说话的那位妇女从前住在隔壁。
the magazine(that) i bought yesterday is well worth reading. （作宾语）
我昨天买的那本杂志很值得读。
he still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.（作表语）
他仍然还像他十年前那样谈话。
2) which的用法。
which引导定语从句修饰事物、动物、时间或地点名词。既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。which在限制性定语从句中作主语，不能省略；在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略；作介词宾语，放在介词后不能省略。
在非限制性定语从句中，which作主语和宾语不能都不能省略。
a.限制性定语从句。
china is a country which has a long history. (作主语)
中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。
where is the book which/that i bought this morning? (作宾语)
我今天上午买的那本书在哪儿？
this is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about.
this is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
这是我们已经讨论了很多的问题。
b.非限制性定语从句。
1）which引导的非限制定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。
jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.
he couldn’t come to the party, which was a pity.
2）which在限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。
john stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the west lake together.
it might snow this weekend, in which case we won’t go to beijing.
3) who的用法。
who引导的定语从句修饰人，who在定语从句中作主语，不能省略；在口语中who可代替whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，但不能替代whom跟在介词后作介词宾语（介词在句尾时可以）。who既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
do you know the person who spoke just now? (作主语)
你认识刚才说话的那个人吗？
the people (who) he worked with thought he was a bit strange.(作宾语)
同他一起工作的人都觉得他有点怪。
只能用who的特殊情况：
1.在非限制性定语从句中指人且作主语时，只能用who不能用that。
his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
他妈妈十分爱他，对他要求很严格。
2.当先行词是one，ones，anyone，those，he，who时；
anyone who breaks the law shall be punished. 任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。
those who are against the plan put up your hands please.
凡是反对这项计划的人，请举手。
be 结构中，主语是指人的名词时。
there is a man who wants to see you. 有位先生想要见你。
4.两个定语从句中，第一个定语从句用了that，第二个定语从句要用who（指人时）。
the student that was praised at yesterday’s meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works hard. 昨天在会上受到表扬的学生是位谦虚好学的班长。
5.先行词与定语从句被其他词所分割时。
i was the only person in my office who was invited.
我是办公室唯一受到邀请的人。
4) whom的用法。
whom在定语从句中修饰人，whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语（可以省略），跟在介词后作宾语不能省略；whom在非限制性定语从句中作宾语不能省略。
here is the man whom/who you are looking for. 你正在找的人在这儿。
the professor whom/who you wish to see has come. 你想见的那位教授已经来了。
this is the girl with whom he worked.这就是与他一起工作的那个女孩。
注意：在非限制性定语从句中whom常和of或其他介词连用。
she had thirteen children, eight of whom lived to grow up.
她有十三个孩子，其中八个存活了下来。
mr smith, for whom i worked, was very generous about overtime payment.
史密斯先生是我的老板，他付超时工资很大方。
5)whose的用法。
whose引导定语从句可以修饰人，也可以修饰物。whose在定语从句中作定语，指物时，可以与of which互换使用。指人时，有时可以与of whom互换使用。
whose既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
this is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.
这就是那位闻名全世界的科学家。
i saw some trees whose le**es were black.
i saw some trees, the le**es of which were black.
我看到了一些叶子变黑了的树。
the river whose banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.
the river of which the banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.
the river the banks of which are covered with trees flows to the sea.
这条两岸长满了树的河流向大海。
总结：whose引导的定语从句修饰物时，“whose+名词”也可用“the+名词+of which”或“of which+the+名词”结构替换。
6) as 的用法。
as 可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。
1）在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由such，so，the same修饰的先行词之后。
such men as heard him were deeply moved. 听过他说话的人都会深受感动。
i’ve never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过向他讲的这样的故事。
he lifted so he**y a stone as no one else can lift. 他搬起别人都搬不起来的大石头。
she wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。（as 指的是与先行词相似的同类事物）
2）在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。
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