难点语法-03
定语从句。定语从句是英语里比较复杂的一个语法内容，需要特别加以注意：
构成：引导词 + 关系词 + 陈述句。
作定语的从句一般都是用关系代词或关系副词来引导的，如：
你认识今天早上来找小杨的那个人吗？
do you know the man who came to see xiao yang this morning?
你应当记住老师所讲的内容。
you should remember the points that the teacher has taught.
你们班里家在乡下的同学有多少？
how many students are there in your class whose homes are in the countryside?
我们昨天看的那个人是李明的老师。
the man (whom) we visited yesterday is li min’s teacher.
我见到他时，他身体不错。 he was well at the time (when) i saw him.
他们到了西安，在那里，他们呆了三天。
they arrived in xi’an where they stayed for three days.
这就是我为什么不同意修改计划的原因。
that’s the reason why i am not in f**our of revising the plan.
注意不同的句子成份会使用不同的关系代词：
that’s the city (that) we visited last year.
that’s the city where he was born.
另需注意定语从句和其它从句的转换：
those are the things (that) he has told me. that’s what he told me.
everything that he told me is true. what he told me is true.
all that he’s done is for you. what he’s done is for you.
定语从句又可分为限制性定语从句（restrictive attributive clauses）和非限制性定语从句（non-restrictive attributive clauses）。
限制性定语从句代表特指的人或物，从逻辑上和主句不可分开：
想去的人请在这里签名。 those who want to go please sign their names here.
有一点我想征求你的意见。 there’s one point where i’d like your advice.
一个不向别人学习的人是不会有进步的。
a man who refuse to learn from others would not make progress.
我相看的话剧很多。 there are many plays (that) i’d like to see.
现在我们没有办法了。 there’s nothing we can do now.
而限制性定语从句是对主句作进一步的说明，拿掉之后主句的意思也是明确的：
上个月，他去看他妻子，他妻子在北京钢铁公司工作。
last month he went to see his wife, who works in beijing steel works.
他的第一部**是三年前出版的，这本书很快成了畅销书。
three years ago he published his first novel, which soon became the best seller.
李明也想学电子计算机，他的父亲是计算机工程师。
li min, whose father is a computer engineer, also wants to learn computers.
年轻时他移居到加拿大，他在那里一直住了二十多年。
while he was young, he immigrated to canada, where he stayed for over twenty years.
许多国家讲英语，它已经成了一个国际语言。
english, which is spoken in many countries, has become an international language.
去年夏天，南方发生了洪水，洪水致使数千人无家可归。
last year there a flood took place in the south, where thousands of people became homeless.
我有许多朋友，其中有些是画家。
i h**e many friends, some of whom are painters.
限定性定语从句，如果修饰人，一般用关系代词 who，有时也可用 that，但作主语时用 who 的情况较多：
he is the man who called yesterday.
is she the girl that sells flowers?
如果这个关系代词在从句中作宾语，就应当用宾格 whom 或that，但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉，大口语中可用 who 代替whom：
here is the man (whom) you’re looking for.
he is the man (that) you can safely depend on.
those people (who/that) you were talking to are swedes.
there are some people here (whom) i want you to meet.
但在介词后只能用 whom:
this is the man to whom i referred. 这就是我提到的那个人。
this is the man with whom i just talked.
但在口语中，一般都把介词放到句子后部去：
h**e you met the person (that) he was speaking about?
the girl (who/that) i spoke to is my cousin.
当关系代词在从句中作表语时，也常可能省去：
她可不是进城以前的她了。
she is no longer the girl she was before she went to the city.
我不是你想象的那种傻瓜。 i’m not the fool you thought me.
你班上有人名叫christine吗？
is there anybody in your class whose name is christine?
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