定语从句语法解析

发布 2021-05-11 11:35:28 阅读 9808

关系词代词和关系副词的意义与用法。

依照关系词在从句中的用法差异,可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who, whom, which, that, whose等,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等,关系副词有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下:

1.关系代词的用法。

先行词是人,在从句中作主语用who,作宾语用whom或who,作定语用whose;先行词是物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which,作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时,关系代词常被省略。

如:a man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller。开店售书的人叫做书商。

he is the man whom you h**e been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。

you are the only one whose advice he might listen to.你是唯一可能使他听从劝告的人。

he was not on the train which arrived just now.她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。

2.关系副词的用法。

关系副词有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、地点和原因。when通常放在time, day, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后;where通常放在place, city, town, village, house, case, point, situation等地点名词后;why通常只放在reason后。如:

h**e you set the day when you will move?你搬迁的日子定了吗?

the book is on the table where you left it.书在桌子上,你放在那里的。

we don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.我们不知道他为什么没有来。

修饰the way的定语从句。

the way后面的定语从句,关系词若在从句中作状语,相当于“用这种方式 /方法(=in this way)”时,通常不用关系词,偶尔用that,在较正式的文体里才用in which来引导。如:

do it the way you were taught.要照教你的那样做。

i was impressed by the way in which she did it.她干成这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。

注意:way后不能用how引导定语从句,但也可以不用way,而直接用how引导的名词性从句来表达这类意思。如:

that’s the way he did it.= that’s how he did it.他就是这样做的。

另外,当先行词way表示方向时,不用任何关系词。如:

was that the way she went?她是往那个方向走的吗?

关系代词as用法说明。

一、引导限制性定语从句。

用在 such, same, as等之后,引导限制性定语从句。如:

i live in the same place as tom does.我和汤姆住在同处。

he’s not such a fool as he looks.他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。

he smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford.他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。

二、引导非限制性定语从句。

2)单独用作关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前、之后或中间,且主从句之间一般要用逗号隔开。如:

as was expected, he succeeded at last.正如我们所料,他终于成功了。

i had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice.我饭后喝咖啡,这是我的习惯。

freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.弗雷迪在参加会议,这是可以预料到的。

三、as与which的用法区别。

引导限制性定语从句的区别:as用作关系代词引导限制性定语从句时,它通常只用于 such, same, as等之后,而which用作关系代词引导限制性定语从句时,则用于除 such, same, as之外的其他结构。

引导非限制性定语从句的区别:which引导非限制性定语从句时,通常只能位于主句后,而as引导的非限制性定语从句位于主句之前、之后或中间。

根据从句谓语动词的特点来看,as在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词,但which不受此限制。如:

li ming was late, which (=and this) made mr. zhang very angry.李明迟到了,这件事使张先生非常生气。(不可用as)

根据句意的逻辑性来看,as引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事,但which不受此限制。如:

he married her, as [which] was natural.他和她结婚了,这是很自然的。

he married her, which was unexpected.他和她结婚了,这是出乎意料的。(不可用as)

from which与from where的区别。

关于from which的用法比较好理解,这里主要说说from where的用法。from where主要有以下两个用法:

用法一:用于引导非限制性定语从句,在意义上相当于and from there(从那儿)。如:

he hid himself in a tree, from where he could see the enemy in the distance.他躲在一棵树上,从那儿他可以看到远处的敌人。

we went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession.我们爬上屋顶,从那儿可以很好地**游行。

用法二:可视为where前省略了the place,即这样用的from where相当于from the place where,意思是“从……的地方”“离……的地方”。如:

from where i stood i could see everything clearly.从我站的地方我一切都看得清清楚楚。

the car stopped short only a few inches from where i stood.汽车在离我站的地方仅几英寸处突然停住。

the school was only a few blocks from where she lived.学校离她的住所只有几个街区的距离。

若遇到前面是地点名词的先行词,如何判断用where还是from where还是from which?请看下面一个句子:

i h**e bought that house, _i can enjoy the beautiful scene of yangpu bridge .

我们认为这道题填where和from where语法上都可以(但不宜填from which),但两者在意义上稍有区别:

i h**e bought that house, where i can enjoy the beautiful scene of yangpu bridge.我买下了那栋房子,在房子那可以欣赏到杨浦大桥的美景。

i h**e bought that house, from where i can enjoy the beautiful scene of yangpu bridge.我买下了那栋房子,从房子那可以欣赏到杨浦大桥的美景。

在许多情况下,用不用from不会导致语法错误,但会导致语义变化(通常情况下是,如果没有from,意思会不够明确和清楚)。比较:

he hid himself under the bed, from where he could hear what they were talking.他躲在床下面,他可以从床下听到他们谈话。(句中的from where可理解为from under the bed,意思是“从床下面”)

he hid himself under the bed, where he could hear what they were talking.他躲在床下面,在床那儿他听到他们谈话。(句中的 where可指为“在床边”“在床上”“在床下”等,意思不够明确)

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