定语从句(the attributive clause)
定语：对名字或代词起修饰、限定作用的句子成分。名词、代词、形容词、数词等都可以作定语。
如：english problem; his book; yellow dress; three apples;
翻译：停在外面的那辆汽车是我的。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
关系词：连接先行词与定语从句，并代替先行词在从句中作一定的句子成分，有关系代词和关系副词两种。
一、 关系代词引导的定语从句。
1. who、whom、whose引导定语从句。
1） who和whom指人，who作主语；whom作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可以省略；在口语中who可以代替whom
the man who is speaking at the meeting is a worker.
the woman whom they wanted to visit is a teacher.
2） whose指人或物，作定语，指物时可用of which代替。
i know the girl whose mother is a teacher.
i h**e a book whose cover is yellow.
2. that、which引导定语从句。
1）that多指物，有时也指人，作主语、表语或宾语，指物时和which用法相同，但也有区别。
the man who / that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.
2） which指物，作主语和宾语，作宾语时在限制性定语从句中可省略。
this is a truck which / that is made in china.
注意：that和which的区别，下列情况只用that不用which
1. 先行词是all、something、everything、anything、nothing、little、much等不定代词或被不定代词修饰；
i’ve read all the books that you lend me.
2. 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或先行词本身就是序数词；
tom is the cleverest boy that i h**e ever known.
3. 先行词被the only、the very、the last修饰；
this is the very book that belongs to him.
4. 先行词中既有人又有物。
i’ve never heard of the people and things that you talked about just now.
5. 在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。
which is the machine that we used last sunday.
小试牛刀：1. 1. the policeman caught the thief __has stolen mr. li’s computer.
a. whichb. whosec. whomd. who
2. the basketballi bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan.
a. thatb. wherec. whod. when
二、关系副词引导的定语从句。
1. 关系副词when、where、why的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语，有时可用“介词+which”的结构替换。
this is the place where i was born.
2. 当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词表示时间、地点、原因任用which/that
3. 当先行词为一些抽象地点的名词，如point、situation、case、stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，用关系副词where引导定语从句，如果不作状语，用关系代词that/which
they h**e reached the point where they h**e to separate with each other. (地步)
remember that there is still one point which we must make clear at the conference.（点）
小试牛刀：1. –where did you get to know her?
- it was on a farm __we worked.
a．that b. there c. which d. where
2. those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity __sight matters more than hearing.
a. when b. whose c. which d. where
3. the village has developed a lot __we learned farming two years ago.
a. when b. which c. that d. where
三、 “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。
1. 若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which，另外，whose也可以放在介词后，“介词+whose+名词”结构。
2. 介词选用：1）先行词的意义； 2）从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配； 3）句子的意思； 4）表示“整体和部分关系”介词用of（在some、any、little、all等前后用of which/whom；the+比较级或最高级前后用of which/whom.
3. 当表示时间、地点或原因的先行词在从句中作状语是，也可以使用“介词+关系代词”，一般情况下，where=in which，why=for which，when=on/in which
4. 当先行词是物时，作定语的引导词whose+名词=the+名词+of which或of which+the+名词。
小试牛刀：1. we shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of __are healthy.
a. that b. which c. what d. whom
2. he was educated at the local high school, _he went on to beijing university.
a. after which b. after that c. in which d. in that
3. eric received training in computer for one year, _he found a job in a big company.
a. after that b. after which c. after it d. after this
四、 as、which引导定语从句。
1. as作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，“正如、正像”，可放在句首、句末或句中。
2. 习惯用语：as i remember; as is often the case; as is expected; as is known to us; as is known等。
3. such/so…as…表示“像…这样…”引导定语从句； such/so…that…表示“如此…以致…”引导结果状语从句。
4. the same… that…表示同一人或物；the same… as… 表示同一种类的东西。
5. as在从句中作主语是，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如as be known，as he said，as be reported等。如果从句中行为动词时主动语态，一般用which作主语。
she has been absent again, as is expected. 她又缺席了，这在预料之中。
tom has made rapid progress, which made me very happy.
五、way和time后面的定语从句。
1. the way在从句中作方式状语，可以用in which/that/不填； 但作主语、宾语等成分时，用that/ which
2. 先行词time作“次数”讲，用that，可省略；若time是“一段时间、时代”，用关系副词when或介词at/during+which
六、非限制性定语从句。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句修饰主句中的某个名词、名词词组或代词，从句和主句之间不用逗号分开；非限制性定语从句常用逗号将从句和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可以修饰整个句子。
he tore up my photo, which made me angry.
另外，限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，省去之后主句意思表达不清楚；非限制性定语从句只是对修饰的词或句子作进一步的说明，省去之后主句意思依然完整。
this is the house where the artist was born.
li ping’s father, who works in a factory, is an engineer.
小试牛刀：1. his movie won several awards at the film festival, _was beyond his wildest dream.
a. which b. that c. where d. it
2. chan’s restaurant on baker street, _used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
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