定语从句（attributive clauses）
先试着翻译以下句子：
1. he is the boy who i talk about yesterday.
2. the high building is our school which they visited last month.
3. the high building is our school where i studied two years ago.
4. the house whose windows are green is my uncle’s.
5. i will never forget the days when we stayed together.
6. i will never forget the days which we spent together.
1． 定义：用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。
即：定语从句在主句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
2． 组成（必备要素）：
先行词+关系词+从句。
3． 分类---限制性定语从句&非限制性定语从句。
1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。
i was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定语从句，意思就不完整)
2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。
tom's father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译)
比较：1. the girl who is dressed in red is my sister.
2. the girl, who is my neighbour, is ill in hospital.
4． 关系词的分类。
1. 关系代词：{代人who, whom, whose, that, which，（as）
代物 which，whose, that,（as）
2. 关系副词： 时间 when
地点 where
原因 why
关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用， 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
she is the girl who sings best of all.(关系代词who在从句中作主语)
3. 关系代词和关系副词的用法：
1)当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；
2)当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ,可作主语或宾语；
3)先行词为人、物时用that ,可作主语或宾语；
4)whose用作定语，可指人或物；
5)关系副词when(指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where(指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语),why(指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语)。
5．关系代词引导的定语从句。
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等主要成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是那位想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语， 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
the package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
6． 关系副词引导的定语从句。
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
there are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
beijing is the place where (in which) i was born. 北京是我的出生地。
is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
关系副词与"介词+ which"结构的互换如下：
when = 表时间的介词 + which
where = 表地点的介词 + which
why = for +which
2）that代替关系副词。
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
his father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
he is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
she is angry at the way ( that / in which) she is treated in the hotel. 她对自己在那家酒店所受到的待遇感到很气愤。
7．判断关系代词与关系副词。
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词vt后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词vi则要求用关系副词。例如：
this is the mountain village where i stayed last year.
i'll never forget the days when i worked together with you.
判断改错。（错） this is the mountain village where i visited last year.
（错） i will never forget the days when i spent in the countryside.
（对） this is the mountain village (which) i visited last year.
（对） i'll never forget the days (which) i spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 还原法。把先行词还原到定语从句中去，判断先行词在定语从句中作何成分(主、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例一：the students don’t study hard will not pass the exam.
先行词： the students
从句： the students don’t study hard
判断：先把先行词还原到从句中，由此可以判断先行词the students 在从句中作主语，且指人，故关系代词可选who/that
例二：the womanyou saw in the park is our chinese teacher.
先行词：从句：
判断：先行词在从句中作语，且指 ，所以可行的答案有。
注意：如果先行词在定语从句中作动词宾语，此时关系代词也可省略。
8． that& which 的区别。
定语从句中，关系代词只用that, 不能用which 的情况：
先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …
先行词有表数量的词 no, much, many, few, little, a few, a little 等词
先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；
先行词有only, very, any等强调词修饰；
先行词既有人又有物时。
there is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没什么能阻止他不干那事。
the first place that they visited in guilin was elephant trunk hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
this is the best film that i h**e ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
mr smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
2. 只用which而不用 that的情况：
引导非限制性定语从句；
引导词代表整个主句的意思；
在“介词 + which/whom”的结构中。
he had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。
this is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
9．as引导定语从句时的用法。
as引导限制性定语从句，通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。
i want the same shirt as my friend's. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
as引导非限制性定语从句，既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子，可译为“正如”，通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as i expect 等。
as i expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。
定语从句语法
一 引导词只用 that 不用 which 的场合 1.当先行词为all,much,little,none以及由some any no every 所构成的不定代词时，引导词只用 that 不用 which 2.当先行词被any,few,little,no,all,much,some等词修饰时，引导...
定语从句语法
定语从句。定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词 代词的成分。如 i will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.中beautiful就是定语 定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。如 i h e met the doctor ...
定语从句语法
定语从句。定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词 代词的成分。如 i will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.中beautiful就是定语 定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。如 i h e met the doctor ...