虚拟语气。
分三种情况来掌握：
1、虚拟条件句。
2、名词性虚拟语气。
3、虚拟语气的其他用语。
一、虚拟条件句：
条件状语从句是非真实情况，在这种情况下要用虚拟语气。
1、条件从句与现在事实不一致，其句型为：
if 主语＋过去时，主语＋should（could, would, 或might）＋动词原形，如：
if i were you, i would study hard.
if it rained, i would not be here now.
2、条件从句与过去事实不一致，句型为：
if 主语＋had＋过去分词，主语＋should（could, would, 或might）＋h**e＋过去分词，如：
if the doctor had come last night, the boy would h**e s**ed.
if i had not studied hard, i would h**e failed in the exam last term.
3、条件从句与将来事实不一致，句型为：
do，主语＋should（could…）＋原形 do
过去时（与现在事实条件句一样）。
if it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
if i were to go to the moon one day, i could see it with my own eyes.
if you missed the film to night, you would feel sorry.
注意问题：1、if条件句中绝对不可出现“would”。
2、根据句中的时间状语，有时可能出现“混合虚拟”的情况，即主句可能是现在的情况，条件句也许是发生在过去的情况，但都是遵守上述句型。
3、在条件句中如果出现were, had, should可省去if，将主语与这些词倒装，例如：
had the doctor come last night, the boy would h**e s**ed.
were i to go to the moon one day, i would see it with my own eyes.
should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
二、名词性虚拟语气：
在表示命令、建议要求、惊叹时的名词性从句中需用虚拟语气，基本句型：主语＋（should）＋动词原形，如：mother insisted that john go to bed at 9 o’clock.
（宾语从句）
we suggested that the meeting should not be held.
it was required that the crops should be harvested at once.（主语从句）
the suggestion that he be invited was rejected.（同位语从句）
that is their demand that their wages be increased.（表语从句）
注意：在这种句子中绝不出现“would”“must”“could”等。
三、虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件句：
1、wish后的宾语从句：
与现在愿望不一致主语＋过去时；i wish i were you.
与过去愿望不一致主语＋had＋过去分词；i wish i had visited the white house when i was in the states.
与未来愿望不一致主语＋would（could）＋原形。i wish i could meet you tomorrow at the party.
2、it’s time句型：当it’s time后用that从句时应该为：主语＋should＋原形或主语＋过去时，例如：
it’s time that you went to school. 或it’s time that you should go to school.
3、if only引起的感叹句相当于“how i wish＋宾语从句”
if only he could come! 他要能来就好了。
if only i had known the answer! 我要早知答案就好了。
4、would rather, as if（though）引导的句子也需使用虚拟，表示过去的情况用过去完成时，表示现在与将来的情况用过去时，如：
i’d rather you posted the letter right away.
i’d rather you had returned the book yesterday.
she loves the children as if they were hers.
alan talked about rome as if he had been there.
5、without, but, but for, otherwise引起的短语或句子常暗含着含蓄条件。
without you, i would never know him.
but for your cooperation, we wouldn’t h**e done the work so well. =if it were not for your cooperation, we we wouldn’t h**e done the work so well.
注： without / but for … if it weren’t not for…/ if it hadn’t been for ….sb ….
but that she was afraid, she would h**e said no.
i would be most glad to help you, but i’ am busy now.
i am busy now; otherwise i would do you the f**or!
定语从句。一．几个基本概念。
1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后。
4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）。
1﹚关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as
2﹚关系副词：when/where/why
5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）。【as除外】
6.引导词的功能（作用）：
1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。
2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语）。
7.定语从句的类型：
1﹚限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）。
直接由引导词引导定语从句。
the man who you’re talking to is my friend.
由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导。
the man to whom you’re talking is my friend.
i need a pen with which i can write a letter.
i need a piece of ***** on which i can write a letter.
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：
the man (who/whom/that) i talked about at the meeting is from beijing university.
the man about whom i talked at the meeting is from beijing university.
the palace (which/that) i often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
the palace to which i often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
2﹚非限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开）。
直接由引导词引导定语从句。
由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导。
i live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.
there is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.
this is the man to whom i g**e the book.
由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名词/代词”(先行词指。
人用whom,指物用which)引导。one, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。
he has five children, two of whom are abroad.
比较：he has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
we h**e three books, none of which is/are interesting.
比较：we h**e three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)
除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。
1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。
2.非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。
the engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.
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