专题七非谓语动词。
一、基本分类。
非谓语动词分为三类：分词(现在分词和过去分词)、动名词和动词不定式。它们具有名词和形容词的某些特征，因而可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。
1．分词。1)感官动词或使役动词后的现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，不定式作补语表示动作发生的全过程。
i saw him walking across the road.(正在穿过马路)
i saw him walk across the road. (看到过了马路的全过程)
2)及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的一般被动式(being done)都有被动意义，前者表示动作完成，后者表示动作正在进行。
the picture fixed on the wall was presented by a friend.(已经被钉在墙上了)
the picture being fixed on the wall was presented by a friend.(正被钉在墙上)
注意：不定式有表将来之意。
the picture to be fixed on the wall was presented by a friend.(将要被钉在墙上)
3)分词的独立主格结构：如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，需用一个独立结构(即保留分词的逻辑主语)或者由一个with / without引导的介词短语表达。
time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
his work finished, he prepared to go home.
with his work finished, he prepared to go home.
2．动名词。
1)动名词作定语表所修饰词的用途，而现在分词表动作或状态、特征。
2)动名词的复合结构作宾语，动名词的逻辑主语可用宾格代词或不带所有格。但作主语不行。
do you mind my / me / tom smoking here?
my / tom's smoking here annoyed her.
3)动名词作主语还可用于“there be no＋动名词”结构和布告形式的省略中。
there is no knowing what he will do next.
no smoking.
3．动词不定式。
1)不定式作介词宾语时，如前面有实义动词do(各种形式)，则不定式不带to；否则不能省to。
he did nothing all the morning but watch tv.
he said nothing but to sleep.
2)不定式作定语时，如果不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且不定式的动词是不及物动词，不能漏掉介词。
i want a small room to live in.
i need a nice pen to write with.
3)不定式作感官动词和部分使役动词(let, make)的宾补，动词不定式不带to，但句子变成被动语态时，要带to。
i saw him go into the room.→ he was seen to go into the room.
二、过去分词。
过去分词是非谓语动词一种重要形式，它在句中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
1．过去分词作定语。
过去分词作定语，作用相当于一个定语从句。
what's the language (that is) spoken in that area? 那个地区讲的是什么语言？
the book，(which was) written in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners. 这本书写于2024年，讲的是关于矿工斗争的故事。
2．过去分词作状语。
过去分词作状语，可以表示原因、时间、条件、方式和伴随情况。
given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. 有了著名的侦探的指点，年轻的女士不再害怕了。
when heated, water can be changed into steam. 水加热后可以变成蒸气。
given more attention, the cabbages could h**e grown better. 如果多注意一些，这些大白菜还可以长得更好。
the hunter left his house, followed by his dog. 猎人离开了屋子，后面跟着他的狗。
he rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗地冲进屋内。
三、动词不定式。
1．省略“to”的动词不定式。
to是动词不定式常常带有的小品词，是动词不定式的标志。但在下列情况下它常常被省略掉：
1) 作感官动词see，watch，hear，feel，notice等的宾语补足语时。
we felt the house shake. 我们感到房屋摇晃。
2) 作使役动词make，let，h**e等的宾语补足语时。
she lets us meet her at the station. 她让我们去车站接她。
3) help后的宾语补足语前可带to也可不带to。
she helped her mother (to) prepare for christmas. 她帮助母亲为圣诞节做准备。
2．疑问词＋动词不定式。
疑问词what，which，how，where，when等可以和动词不定式连用，构成不定式短语。“疑问词＋动词不定式”可以作主语、宾语、表语等。
when to start off hasn't been decided yet. (作主语)什么时候出发还没决定。
the question is which bus to take. (作表语)问题是乘哪辆公共汽车。
四、动词－ing形式。
动词－ing形式(包括现在分词和动名词)有一般时和完成时两种形式，并且也都有被动语态，在句中可以作主语、宾语、状语和补语等成分。
高考英语试题中对动词－ing形式考查主要集中在以下几个方面：
1．动词－ing形式作宾语。
在某些finish, enjoy, appreciate, **oid, suggest, consider,
imagine, stand, excuse, delay, escape, risk, miss, admit, permit, allow动词的后面只能接动词－ing形式作宾语。
my brother is now considering changing his present job.
the bird was very lucky because it missed being shot by the hunter.
2．动词－ing形式作宾语时和不定式的区别。
在forget, remember, regret等动词后接动词－ing形式和不定式作宾语在含义上有区别。
remember to put the book on the desk when you le**e the room.(记得去做某事)
i remember putting the book on the desk, but it's gone now.(记得做过某事)
3．动词－ing形式作状语。
动词－ing形式可以作时间状语、伴随状语、原因状语等。
we can't go out in this weather，” said bob, looking out of the window.
the secretary stayed up late last night, preparing a report for the manager.
4．动词－ing形式作宾补。
动词－ing形式作补语时和前面的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。
it is generally considered bad manners to sit with your feet pointing to others.
you will be fired if you are found smoking in the kitchen.
5．动词－ing形式的完成时和语态。
动词－ing形式的被动式由“being ＋ done”构成，它作定语时表示正在进行或和谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作；动词－ing形式的完成时由“h**ing＋done”构成，表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作。
the stadium being built can hold 50,000 people when completed.
h**ing being shown around the lab, the visitors were taken to the playground.
纵观近年的高考题，考查点是非谓语动词作定语、宾语补足语和状语的区别。
一、非谓语动词作定语时的区别。
现在分词 (doing) 作定语，表示一个主动的或正在进行的动作；现在分词的被动语态 (being done) 表示一个被动的、正在进行的动作；不定式 (to do) 作定语表示一个将要发生的动作。
the meeting (which is) being held now is very important. 正在召开的这个会议很重要。
the meeting (which was) held yesterday is very important. 昨天召开的会议很重要。
the meeting which will be held tomorrow is very important. 明天将要召开的会议很重要。
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