第三章否定、被动语态、比较等级。
3.1 否定。
1、全否定： 一般要用“none,no,neither”来表示，意为都；均。
普通的窗户均承受（withstand）不了这么大的力。
none of the ordinary windows [=no ordinary windows] can withstand so large a force.
2、部分否定： 一般用“all,both, every”+ not 来表示，意为并非都。
this parameter（参数）does not change during all time intervals.
这个参数并不是在所有的时间间隔内变化的。
eq. (1 – 5) cannot be satisfied by all values of x.
x的所有值并非都能满足方程（1—5）。
3、否定的转移。
1）主句中有表示“相信”、“认为”等臆想动词否定式时，一般汉译时否定在从句中。（在科技文中不常见）
not + think/feel/suppose/believe/imagine+ that 从句。
they don’t think that this answer to the problem is right .
他们认为这个题的答案是不对的。
2）▲ appear/seem/happen的否定式 + 主语从句/动词不定式。
it does not appear that this value satisfies the equation.
这个值似乎不能满足该方程。
this computer does not seem to be so good as that one.
这台计算机似乎不如那台计算机好。
3）★ 主句中有not [no, rather than, instead of] +as 从句或短语（或the way …）
译成“并不像…那样～”。
this disease does not affect most animals as it does humans.
这种病并不像影响人类那样影响大部分动物。
these layers（层）are not “stretched”（能拉伸的）as a rubber sheet would be.
the presence of the minus sign indicates that the current of 1.5 a flows from c to f, and not from f to c as shown.
负号的存在表明了1-5a的电流是从c流到f的，而不是像图中那样从f流到c。
the high-level output voltages for both or and nor are between – 0.81 and – 0.96 v rather than – 0.
8 v, as predicted（预计）by eq. (2 – 9).
对“或”门和“或非”门两者的“高”电平输出电压，是处于-0.81到-0.96伏之间的，而不是像式（2-9）所预计的那样是-0.8伏。
the majority of distance communication in the future could well be computer-to-computer, not person-to-person as at present.
将来大部分长途通讯很可能是计算机对计算机的，而不是像现在在那样是人对人的。
the maxwell relations（关系式）are not modified（修正）by relativity（相对论）as newton’s relations are when particle（质点）velocities approach the speed of light .
当质点的速度趋近光速时，麦克斯维尔关系式并不像牛顿关系式那样要用相对论来加以修正。
3. 2 被动语态
1、带有双宾语动词（tell, inform, convince, give, assign, deny等等）的被动语态（在谓语后存在一个“保留宾语”）
in this case some of the users will be denied（拒绝给予）permission（允许）.
each of the users has been assigned a frequency band .
每个用户都分得一个频带。
we are told by ohm’s law that the current in a circuit is proportional to the applied voltage .
欧姆定律告诉我们，电路中的电流与外加电压成正比。
if the reader is not convinced that p is a maximum when r = r, he should verify it by the used （惯常的）calculus（微积分）method .
如果读者不相信当r=r时p为最大值的话，他应该用惯常的微积分方法来证明它。
in 1858 darwin（达尔文）was sent a scientific ***** by a man called alfred wallace.
2023年，有一位名叫alfred wallace的人寄给达尔文一篇学术**。
a thorough exposition is accorded principles of a computer in this book.
本书详尽地论述了计算机原理。
we are given that the coefficient of sliding friction（滑动摩擦）between box and floor is μ.
盒子和地面之间的滑动摩擦系数是μ。
2、“不及物动词+介词”= 及物动词”的被动语态。
electronic radar systems are relied on for a safe flight from one airport to another.
人们依靠电子雷达系统实现从一个机场到另一个机场的安全飞行。
in this case the work done is accounted for by an increase in potential energy.
在这种情况下，所做的功表现为位能的增加。
this topic will be dealt with in the next chapter.
actually, this result could h**e been arrived at intuitively（直观地）.
实际上，我们（本来）可以直观的获得这一结果。
3、“及物动词+名词+介词”=“及物动词”（make use of★, pay attention to▲, take care of, make mention of等等）的被动语态。
full use must be made of the computers **ailable.
我们必须充分利用现有的计算机。
注意：这里并不是“be made of [由……制成]”这一词组的含义。而是“make full use of ”的被动形式。
the computers **ailable must be made full use of.
又如：use is made of this characteristic（特性）in feedback（反馈）amplifier design.
我们把这个特性应用在反馈放大器的设计中。
the protective（保护的）resistance should be made use of in the usual way.
in the quantum（量子）theory of the atom no use is made of these models.
汉译英：必须充分利用现有的设备。（要求使用“make use of”的被动形式）
full use must be made of the devices **ailable.
4、由“get/become/remain/appear/come+ 过去分词”构成的被动句（强调状态）
the energy that is stored in the inductor（电感器）and capacitor eventually（最终）gets dissipated（消耗）by the resistor.
存储在电感和电容中的能量最终被电阻消耗殆尽。
the air throughout the room becomes heated by convection currents（对流的气流）.
对流的气流使整个房间里的温度变暖和了。
the gate（门电路）will remain closed by the low input until the clock pulse arrives.
this system can come equipped with a radio frequency wireless keyboard and mouse (optional). 备有]
该系统可以备有一个射频无线键盘和一个鼠标（供选购）。
5、科技文中不能有被动形式、不得用过去分词作定语的常见情况。
1）不及物动词。
the resulting equation; 获得的方程。
the existing algorithms; 现有的算法。
the newly emerging approach 新出现的方法。
几个特例：the fallen le**es; 落叶。
the elapsed time; 消逝的时间。
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