定语从句。
定。i saw a beautiful girl crying under the tree this morning.
主谓宾补状状。
i saw a beautiful girl. i saw a girl who is beautiful.
形容词定语形容词性从句定语从句。
先行词 1 指代先行词。
关系词2 取代先行词。
在从句中作一成分。
一． 定语从句及相关术语3连词连接主从句。
定语从句：用来修饰限定名词或代词（即先行词）的句子。一般紧跟在先行词后面。
关系词（引导词）：引导定语从句的关联词，即主从句之间的连词。分为关系代词和关系副词。
二． 关系代词引导的定语从句。
1. that 指代人 /物在从句中作主语 /宾语。
the girl that spoke to me just now is my classmate.
指代在从句中作
the film (that) we saw yesterday is interesting.
指代在从句中作
2. which 指代物在从句中作主语 /宾语。
football is a game which is liked by most boys.
指代在从句中作
the car (which) my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.
指代在从句中作
指代人 who在从句中作主语 /宾语 whom只作宾语。
the man who is talking with my father is a policeman.
指代在从句中作
the woman (who/whom) you saw just now is our english teacher.
指代在从句中作
4. whose指代人的 /物的在从句中作定语。
this is the woman scientist whose name is known all over the world.
指代在从句中作
he lives in a room whose window faces north
指代在从句中作
在正式书面英语中，whose + n 经常用 the + n + of whom / which 来代替。
this is the woman scientist whose name is known all over the world.
the + name + of whom
he lives in a room whose window faces north.
the + window + of which
限定性定语从句用that不用which的情况。
1） 当先行词即有人又有物时。
the driver and his car that fell into the river h**e not been discovered.
2） 当先行词被序数词 /形容词最高级修饰时，或本身就是序数词 /形容词最高级。
the first place that they visited in london was the big ben.
this is the best film that i h**e ever seen.
the first that comes to my mind is pairs.
3） 当先行词被the very, the right, the only等修饰时。
i h**e found the very pen that i h**e lost yesterday.
beauty is the only thing that emily can be proud of.
4） 当先行词是something, everything, anything, nothing, all, none, much， few, little等不定代词，或由some, every, any, no, all, much, few, little 等修饰时。
h**e you taken down everything that mr., li said.
all that can be done has been done,here is all the money that i h**e.
5） 为了避免重复。
who is the man that is standing by the gate?
which is the hotel that you stayed at last month?
6） 当先行词是主句的表语或关系词是从句的表语时。
ren qiu is no longer the city that it used to be.
he is no longer the boy that he was.
限定性定语从句只用who不用that的情况。
先行词是one, ones，anyone，those 或被those修饰，指人时。
anyone whobreaks the law should be punished.
the park will honor those who helped the survivors.
as 引导限定性定语从句。
1)先行词被such修饰时，通常用as引导定从
such people as you describe are short nowadays. such … as（像 … 一样）
2)先行词被the same修饰时，引导词as / that意义有别。
the same … as 相似非同一个 the same … that 同一个。
this is the same knife as i lost 这把刀与我丢的那把相似。
this is the same knife that i lost这把刀就是我丢的那把。
定语从句中的主谓一致。
anyone who breaks the law will be punished．
those who h**e finished homework may go home．
he is one of the teachers who know french．
he is the only one of the teachers who knows french in our school．
定语从句中介词提前的问题。
the school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
the school in which he once studied is very famous.
do you want a friend (whom / who /that) you could tell everything to?
do you want a friend to whom you could tell everything?
语法中规定，关系代词that 前不允许有介词。另外，介词提前到关系代词前，形成介宾结构，因此要用宾格whom,而不用主格who.
总结：当介词提前时，指代人时只能用whom, 指代物时只能用which.
注意：有些动词短语中的介词是不允许与动词分开，提到关系词前的，如 look for, look after, call on 等。
介词 + 关系代词前可有名词 /代词 /数词。
he lives in a room, the window of which faces north.
they are quite many apples, some of which h**e gone bad.
he has got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.
三． 关系副词引导定语从句
关系代词与关系副词之间的转化。
when 时间。
tom can’t forget the dayhe spent with lucy.
tom can’t forget the dayhe visited the farm.
tom can’t forget the dayhe visited the farm.
where 地点。
this is the placei will remember forever.
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