题目： 定语从句。
学习目标】掌握定语从句的用法。
学习重点】that与which的区别；whose的用法；
学习难点】when, where, why与which, that的区别；介词+which, whom的用法；
知识链接】定语从句：在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词、代词或整个主句，所以也称形容词性从句。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
关系词：在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词，分成关系代词和关系副词：关系代词：
who, whom, whose, which, that, as 关系副词：when, where, why
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句：
定语从句对先行词具有限制作用，使该词的含义更明确，这种定语从句称为限制性定语从句，这类从句不能省掉，否则句子的意义就不完整。限制性定语从句与主句之间不能用逗号隔开，修饰的是名词或代词，限制性定语从句中的关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
定语从句有时跟先行词的关系不十分密切，只是作一些附加说明，不起限制作用，这种从句称为非限制性定语从句，往往用逗号与主句分开。非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不可省略。
学法指导】自主学习，理解并学会运用。
学习过程】一、关系代词：
1. who指人，在定语从句中作主语。
what was the name of the man who lent you the money?
the chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.
he who laughs last laughs best.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面只能用whom.
there are some people (whom\ who) we like and others (whom\ who) we dislike.
mr. carter, whom i spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
two men, neither of whom i had ever seen before, came into my office.
3. whose指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。
there are some people whose faces you can never forget.
i saw some trees whose le**es were black because of the polluted air.
在正式书面英语中，可用of which 或of whom 来代替whose.
in my class there are 50 students, the backgrounds of whom are different.
whose backgrounds are different.
i h**e a pencil-box, the cover of which is red.
whose cover is red.
4. which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时常可省略。
english is a language which is easy to learn.
the children like cookies (which) my wife makes.
which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this.
jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.
sheila couldn’t come to the party, which was a pity.
which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。
john stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the west lake together.
it might snow this weekend, in which case we won’t go to beijing.
5. that指人时，相当于who 或whom; 指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
he is the man that lives next door.
i don’t like stories that h**e unhappy endings.
is there anything ( that ) i can do for you?
6. as在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由such, so, the same 修饰的先行词之后，在从句中作主语或宾语。
such men as heard him were deeply moved.
i’ve never heard such stories as he tells.
he lifted so he**y a stone as no one else can lift.
the same…as 强调“相同”，the same…that 注重“同一”
she wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
she wore the same dress that she wore at mary’s wedding.
在非限制性定语从句中，as 可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。
as everyone knows, taiwan belongs to china.
he is from the south, as we can know from his accent.
二、关系副词：
1. when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
i still remember the day when (on which) i first came to this school.
he came at a time when(at which) we need him most.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
i recently went back to the town where (in which) i was born.
what’s the name of the place where (at which) you spent your holiday?
3. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
please tell me the reason why (for which) you missed the plane.
the reason why (for which) he was punished is unknown to us.
三、“介词+ 关系代词”引导的定语从句：
he is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned.
= he is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.
the school in which he once worked is a key school.
the school (which\ that) he once worked in is a key school.
fortunately we had a map, without which we would h**e got lost.
she’s got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.
in our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women.
in the basket i find many apples, some of which h**e gone bad.
china has thousands of islands, the largest of which is taiwan.
四、只用who，不能用that代替的情况：
1. 在非限制性定语从句中。
his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
2. 先行词是one, anyone, those时。
one who has nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the truth.
anyone who breaks the law shall be punished.
those who are against the plan put up your hands please.
3. 在there, here be 开头的句子中。
here is a boy who wants to see you.
4. 先行词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时。
don’t tell anyone about the secret who oughtn’t to know.
i was the only person in my office who was invited.
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