定语从句。
一。 基本概念。
the man who lives next to us sells vegetables. 住在我们隔壁的人卖蔬菜。
you must do everything that i do. 你必须做我做的一切。
定语从句：（在复合句中）作定语的从句。
提示：把从句看成一个整体）
复习：单词，词组和句子都可以作定语。如：i bought his book.
i bought his new book. i borrowed the book which he bought yesterday. )
思考：什么叫主语从句，宾语从句，状语从句，表语从句？）
先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。 （思考：如何理解“先行”？）
引导词：引导定语从句的词，又叫关系词，分为关系代词( that，which，who，whom，whose） 和关系副词（when, where, why）
注意： 1. 定语从句要放在先行词之后， 而在汉语中，无论定语有多长，都要放在名词之前。
例如：he still remembers the house where he was born.
他还记得他出生的房子。
2. 从句的结构= 连接词+主语+谓语。例如：i don’t know what he said.
凡是从句都要使用陈述语序，即主语在前，谓语在后)
小结：能够划出主句和定语从句；先行词和引导词是基本功。
试练如下几题：
1. i shall never forget the day when i went to college.
2. the boy who is playing on the grass is her brother.
3. the letter which i received yesterday was from my best friend.
4. the first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.
5. do you know the park which was built last year?
二。 引导词的三大功能。
(i) 连接主句和从句。
(2) 代替先行词（以免重复）。
(3) 在定语从句中充当句子成分。
如：i lost the book which i bought yesterday. (which在定语从句中作宾语）
定语从句引导词的选用及其省略是高考的重点和难点，但是，始终围绕引导词的“三大功能”思考，是掌握定语从句的关键。
技巧：定语从句都可以转换成一个陈述句。
which i bought yesterday=i bought the book yesterday.）。
试练如下几题：
1. the boy who is playing on the grass is my brother.
2. i don’t know the reason why (=for which) he didn’t help me.
3. can you tell me the way in which you learn english?
4. this is the school where i studied 10 years ago.
5. my brother, who is an engineer, is thirty-two. 我的哥哥三十二岁，他是一个工程师。
三．先行词和引导词的关系。
1. 关系代词是先行词的复指。
a plane is a machine that can fly. (that = the machine)
the boy who broke the window is called tom. (who = the boy )
2. 关系代词whose是先行词的所有格。
the boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.
whose = the boy’s)
3. 关系副词是介词＋先行词。
the school where (=in which) i study is far from my home. (where = in the school)
试练如下几题：
1. do you know the boy whose mother is a doctor?
2. this is the house where(=in which) we lived ten years ago.
3. the girl who is standing there is called mary.
4. i lost the pen which he lent to me.
四。 关系副词引导的定语从句。
1. when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
i still remember the day when (=on which) i first came to beijing.
我还记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。
2. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
that is the house where (=in which) he lived ten years ago.
那是他10年前住过的房子。
3. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
i know the reason why (=for which) she was so angry.
我知道她为什么那么生气。
注：①why作关系副词只用在reason后面。
②“关系副词＝介词十which”
五。 区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
看形式：限制性定语从句和主句不可用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号隔开。
this is the book which i bought yesterday.
his dog, which was very old, became ill and died.
看从句能否省略：限制性定语从句省去后，主句的意思就会不清楚。非限制性定语从句只起补充说明的作用，省去后主句的意思仍然清楚。
this is the hospital where he was operated on a few months ago.
这就是他几个月前动手术的医院。 （限制性定语从句）
the sun, which sis very hot, gives a lot of energy
太阳很热，它给人类很多热量。 （非限制性定语从句）
看翻译：限制性定语从句译成定语（“…的”），而非限制性定语从句单独译成一个句子。试比较：
she has a sister who is a musician.（限制性定语从句）
她有一个当**家的姐姐。 （她有几个姐姐，其中一个是**家）
she has a sister, who is a musician.（非限制性定语从句）
她有一个姐姐，是**家。 （她只有一个姐姐，她是**家）
六。 限制性定语从句的英译汉。
方法①：先译定语从句（译为“……的”），再译先行词。
the station is the place where we met together. 车站是我们见面的地方。
方法②：先译主句，再译从句，最后把它们相加。
the station is the place where we met together.
车站就是那个地方 + 我们在那里见面。
练习：翻译下面的句子。
提示： 无论是英译汉还是汉译英，都先找出先行词和定语从句。
the teacher who taught us english was elected the headmaster of the school.
everything that she said seemed quite reasonable.
我还记得我小时候借过书的那个图书馆。
汤姆考试失败的原因是他的粗心。
这就是我学英语的方式。
星期一是我最忙的一天。
屋顶被毁的房子己经修补了。
这就是我们去年参观过的学校。
七。 选用关系代词还是关系副词？
不能一见先行词是时间，地点，就不加分析地一律使用when或there. 因为时间和地点一般作状语， 有时也能作宾语或主语。作状语用where提问，作宾语当然不能用where.
当先行词是时间、地点和原因时，关键在于判断引导词在定语从句中充当状语还是宾语。换句话说，要求分析从句的谓语动词和先行词之间构成动宾关系还是动状关系。例如：
i）i still remember the days which we spent together.
2）i still remember the days when (=in which) we worked together.
技巧：看（在汉语中）先行词能否放到从句谓动后面作宾语。
this is the factorywe visited last year.
this is the factorywe worked together last year.
i don’t know the reasonhe didn’t do his homework.
i don’t know the reasonhe told you.
八“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用。
引导词与定语从句中某成分的搭配需要介词时，介词的选择要看从句语义（尤其要注意先行词和从句的谓语动词的习惯搭配）。
解题技巧：还原法（定语从句都可以还原为一个陈述句）
that’s the reason for which he didn’t go to school this morning.（for...reason系固定搭配）
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