定语从句:在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。①定语从句的位置:
放在名词或代词的后面。如:the man who has an umbrella in hishand is my uncle.
(手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)②语法术语的改变:被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词;引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。
③关系代词或关系副词的作用:关系代词who、whom和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物,有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。
定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。this is the thief (that/who/whom) weh**e been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。
) please finda room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。
如:this is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。
) i can never forget the day when i first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)④限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如:
she spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us hadheard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。) 注解] 1、关系代词只能用that的情况:
当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything等),或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that.如:all that lily told me seems untrue.
(lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。) can you giveme anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西?
) this is thefirst two-story bus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。) 2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。
如:do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗?
) do not tell me any words that h**e nothing to do with me.
跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。) 3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。如:
tom’s father was the firstparent whom our teacher talked to. (tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。) 4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who.
如:this is the room in which miss li once lived. (this is the roommiss li once lived in.
) 这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。) 5)主语从句:在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。
位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。
如:when weshould start is still a question. (我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)
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