定语从句（介词+which/whom)
概念引入。this is the reason for which (=why) he left the pany.
这就是他离开公司的原因。
can you tell me for whom you are working?
你能告诉我你现在为谁工作吗？
there are sixty students in our class, all of whom are working hard.
班上有60 名学生，他们都在努力学习。
recently i bought an ancient chinese vase，the price of which was very reasonable.
最近我买了一个中国古代花瓶，**非常合理。
观察句子，句子中的引导定语从句的连接词which，whom前都有介词，which和whom都是代替各自的先行词作介词的宾语。那么由这种“介词+which/ whom”结构引导定语从句有什么需要注意的呢，这就是本单元我们要学习的内容。
语法讲解。高清课堂：定语从句—定语从句关联词】，介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。
1. 介词放在关系代词前，关系代词只能用which或whom, 关系代词不能省略。
这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？
is this the house in which shakespeare was born?
在黑暗的街道上，没有任何人能让她求助。
in the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.
2. 在限定性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用that/which (指物), that/whom/who（指人）作介词的宾语，且关系代词可以省略。
this is the hero that/who/whom we are proud of.
这就是让我们骄傲的英雄。
this is the pen that/which i wrote the letter with.
这就是我用来写信的钢笔。
注意：某些短语动词中的介词不可与动词分开提至关系代词前。常见的短语动词有listen to，look at，depend on，pay attention to，take care of，look into，break into，get rid of，take part in，make use of，take hold of，catch hold of，catch up with，get along with，look forward to等。
此时可用which，who，whom或that，也可将他们省略。
the babies whom the nurses are taking care of are very healthy.
**照顾的那些婴儿们都很健康。
介词+关系代词”的重要结构。
1. 名词/代词+of+ which/ whom
此结构引导的定语从句可改为“of+ which/ whom+名词/代词”结构。常用于这个结构的代词有one, both, all, some, most, several, few, a few, little, a little, many, much, none, half等。
there are 40 students in our class, most of whom（=of whom most）like english.
我们班有40个学生，大多数都喜欢英语。
she has two sons, both of whom（=of whom both）are teachers.
她有两个儿子，都是老师。
she has many books, none of which (=of which none) is interesting.
她有许多书，没有一本有意思。
the man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of which were made of small diamonds.
这个男人掏出来一块金表，它的指针是有小钻石组成的。
we went 10-1 and i was named most valuable player，but i often had crazy dreams in which i was to blame for miller’s accident.
2. 数词/形容词的最高级+of+ which/whom
the pany has more than 100 employees, 60 percent of whom are women.
这家公司有超过一百名雇员，其中百分之六十是女性。
she tr**eled abroad and bought a lot of gifts, the most expensive of which was a diamond.
她在国外旅游，买了很多礼物，其中最昂贵的一件就是钻石。
china has thousands of islands, the largest of which is taiwan.
中国有数千座岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。
3. 介词+which/whom +名词。
he was born in 1948, by which time the second world war had been over.
他出生于2023年，到那时第二次世界大战已经结束。
i called him by the wrong name, for which mistake i apologized.
我叫错了他的名字，因为这个错误我道歉了。
4. 复杂介词+which/whom
常用于该结构的介词短语有：on the top of，in the middle of，in front of，in spite of (尽管)，at the back of，because of，by means of (借助于，用)等。
we got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.
我们来到一所后面有一个大花园的房子。
is there a certain test by means of which the no. 1 will be decided?
有没有一种考试，通过它能决定第一名。
i went to visit my chinese teacher yesterday, with the help of whom (with whose help) i got in touch with my classmates.
昨天我去拜访我的语文老师了，在他的帮助下我联系上了我的同学们。
介词+关系代词”中介词的选择。
1. 从先行词跟介词的搭配出发。
i’ll never forget the day on which we worked together in the countryside.
我不会忘记我们一起在乡下工作的日子。
把the day放从句中，加on 才构成完整的句子，即we worked together on the day in the countryside)
the clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which we could see what was happening inside the house.
这个聪明的孩子在墙上挖了一个洞，透过它我们可以看到屋里发生的事情。
through which即through the hole)
2. 从定语从句中动词、形容词等对介词的搭配要求出发。
do you know the doctor___whom the man talked just now?
你认识那个男人刚谈到的医生吗？
talk后可以用to, with还是about，根据先行词和定语从句中的动词talk考虑，应用with或to）
3. 有些介词不是与谓语动词构成短语关系，而是根据句子的逻辑需要填入的。
for many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our future, of which new york is an example.
对世界上的许多城市来说，没有足够的空间拓展未来，纽约就是其中的一个例子。
sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life.
运动在生活中有很大意义，没有了运动你的（精神）生活依然很贫瘠。
the director, with whom jack shared a dorm-room in the film academy, has already made four films. (2015 湖北高考)
这位导演已经执导了四部电影，在电影学院求学时杰克与他同住在一间寝室。
介词+关系代词”的替换。
1. when, where, why
介词+which”在定语从句中作时间、地点、原因状语时，可以用when, where, why代替。
last week, i visited london, in which/where i h**e made several friends.
上周我们去了伦敦，在那儿我们交了一些朋友。
do you remember the day on which /when you joined our club?
你记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
i don’t know the reason for which/ why he said so.
我不知道你这样说的原因。
注意：1）如果“介词+which”不是作时间、地点、原因状语时，则不能用when, where, why代替。
last year she bought this house, for which she paid her life's s**ings.
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