定语从句。
一、概念。在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。
the old man who / whom / that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.
其中所饰名词即the old man 称为先行词， 引导定语从句并在其中充当句子一个成分的词称为 (如上句中的who / whom / that)。关系词的用法与选择须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。下面分类讲解它们的用法。
二、用法。定语从句常用引导词(关系词)有：that, which, who, whose, as, where, when, why。
关系代词：即先行词在定从中作主、宾、表、定。
作主语：指物，则用that, which引导，且不能省略；指人，用that, who引导，不省略。
作宾语：即及物动词宾语和介词宾语： 指物，用that, which引导，可省略；
指人，用that, who, whom引导，可省略。
注意：如将介词提到了定从之首，先行词指人，只能用whom; 指物只能用which。
作表语：一般指人、指物皆用that, 可省略。
作定语：指人、指物皆用whose,不省略。
关系副词：即先行词在定从中作状语，指时间用when, 地点用where, 原因用why，亦可用介词+which替代。
所谓作状语：即先行词不能直接放入从句中，需要有一个介词连接，而从句中却没有这个介词。
1．that 指人或物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略)
i like the books that were written by lu xun.
the student that won the first prize is our monitor.
2．which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略)
these are the trees which were planted last year.
is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
3．who指人，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略)
the man who visited our school yesterday is mr brown.
he is the man who i want to work with.
4．whose 指人或物，作定语，表示“……的”，可转换为“of ＋关系代词”。
miss wang is taking care of the child whose parents h**e gone to beijing.
i saw some trees whose le**es were black.
5．注意that和which的区别。
1)先行词为不定代词everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing, something, no, some, any, few, one等时，关系代词只能用that。
we are willing to do anything that is good to the people.
2)先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，用that。
this is the best book (that) i've ever read.
3)先行词被序数词或者the only(唯一的)，the very(正是那个)，the last修饰时，用that。
the first book that i read last night was an english novel.
4)如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，定语从句的关系代词只能用that。
we know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.
5)以疑问词(who, which, what)开头的疑问句，为避免重复，用 that。
which is the book that you borrowed from the library?
6)关系代词放在介词之后，指物时只能用which，不能用that。
this is the factory in which we once worked.
7)非限制性定语从句中，指代物或一种情况时，用which，不能用that。
this is the book, which is written by lu xun.
the baby was ill, which made the mother very worried.
6．关系副词 when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词， 在定语从句中充当时间状语。
next month, when you'll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching.
7．关系副词where引导定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词， 在定语从句中充当地点状语。
she is going to live in macao, where she has some close friends.
8．关系副词why引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason, 在定语从句中充当原因状语。
he didn't tell me the reason why he was so upset.
高考**——限制性定语从句(介词＋which / whom)
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句是定语从句中较复杂的一种，是我们学习定语从句的重点，也是高考的常考点。这类定语从句的关系代词主要有which和whom。先行词是物时，用介词＋ which；是人时，用介词＋ whom。
介词后面的关系代词不能省略。
1．注意介词的选取：
1)根据介词和定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。
i called him by the wrong name, for which i should apologize.
who is the man with whom you just shook hands?
2)根据定语从句意思的需要，不但要注意其前的搭配也要注意其后的搭配。
we depend on the land from which we get our food.
do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
3)根据意思也可用复杂介词，如：by means of，as a result of，in front of，in the back of，all of，most of，none of，the taller of等。
he lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
there are forty students in the classroom, all of whom are working hard at a difficult problem in mathematics.
2．注意代词的选取：
在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，如果关系代词指代事物就用which；如果指代人则用whom。
this is the reason for which he was put in prison.
tom has three brothers, one of whom is a singer.
3．注意关系代词的可替换性：
某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词＋关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when、where和why互换。
this is the factory in which i once worked.(in which可where替换)
i h**e forgotten the exact date on which this country became independent.(on which可when替换)
4．注意“介词＋ where”引导的定语从句：
有时我们可以见到“介词＋ where”引导的定语从句，此时要和“介词＋ which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
his head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.
they stood on the top of the building, from where they could see the whole city.
5．“复合介词短语＋关系代词which / whom”引导的定语从句作地点状语，表示存在关系，定语从句主谓常需倒装。
they arrived at a small house, in front of which sat a small boy.
i saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.
6．名词＋ of which，或者of which ＋名词，代替whose ＋名词，在定语从句中作定语。
recently i bought an ancient chinese vase, the price of which( ＝whose price) was very reasonable.
7．介词＋ which (指物)/ whose (指人)＋名词。该结构中，只能用关系代词which，不能用whom。which单独起形容词作用，修饰它后面的名词。
he might be ill, in which case we can not wait for him.
the driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.
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