period eleven
动词的语态。
掌握各种时态的被动语态形式。重点掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时及含有情态动词的被动语态形式,理解其他时态的被动语态形式。
一、动词的语态的概述。
动词的语态表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语中有两种语态:主动语态表示主语是谓语动词的执行者;被动语态表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。
二、被动语态的构成。
被动语态的基本结构为:助动词be+(及物动词)过去分词。助动词be有人称、数的变化,其变化规则与be作为系动词时完全一样,各种时态的主被动语态结构(以动词do为例)如下:
三、被动语态的用法。
1. 当不知道动作的执行者是谁或没有必要说明谁是动作的执行者时。eg:
the door was opened. 门被打开了。
the novel was written in 1989. 这部**写于2023年。
2. 当需要强调动作的承受者时。eg:
english is widely spoken in the world. 英语在全世界广泛使用。
that letter was written by him. 那封信是他写的。
3. 当动作的执行者不是人时也常用被动语态,这是一种习惯表达。eg:
the tree was struck by lightning. 那棵树被雷电击中了。
they were stopped by the storm. 因为大风他们被滞留了。
四、动作语态变成被动语态的方法。
1. 原主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。eg:
people use radios for listening to the news. 人们用收音机听新闻。
→radios are used for listening to the news.
2. 原句中的谓语主动形式变为被动形式,即变为“be+及物动词的过去分词形式“,其中be要根据新主语的人。
称和数来变化。 eg:
the workers h**e built five bridges. 工人们已经建造了五座桥。
five bridges h**e been built by the workers.
3. 原主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介宾短语,放在被动语态中谓语动词之后。在含义明确时,by
短语可以省略。 eg:
the teacher asked her to write the answer on the blackboard. 老师让她把答案写在黑板上。
she was asked to write the answer on the blackboard by the teacher.
五、几种类型不同的被动语态。
1. 主动语态中带有双宾语的动词,在用于被动语态时,可以把主动语态中的间接宾语变为主语,直接宾语仍然。
保留在谓语后面;也可以把直接宾语变为主语,间接宾语前应加介词for或to。动词send, pass, give, post, le**e
等后应用介词to,而在动词buy, sing, cook, make等后用介词for。 eg:
he sent me a letter yesterday. 昨天他给我寄来了一封信。
→i was sent a letter yesterday.
→a letter was sent to me yesterday.
my mother bought me a new bike. 妈妈给我买了一辆新自行车。
→i was bought a new bike.
→a new bike was bought for me.
2. 含有复合宾语的主动语态变为被动语态时,应把主动语态中的宾语变为主语,宾语补足语保留不变。eg:
we call him xiao ming. 我们叫他小明。
→he is called xiao ming.
she left the window open. 她没有关窗户。
→the window was left open by her.
3. 主动语态中动词make, let, hear, watch, see, feel, h**e, 后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to,但变为被动语态时,后面的不定式必须带to。 eg:
he heard me sing. 他听到我唱歌了。
→i was heard to sing.
his sister often makes him do this and that. 他姐姐经常让他干这干那。
→he is often made to do this and that.
4. 含有情态动词的被动语态,是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。 eg:
you mustn’t open the oven door before the cake is ready. 饭未熟,不得打开烤箱的门。
→the oven door mustn’t be opened before the cake is ready.
he may take your pen. 他可能拿了你的钢笔。
→your pen may be taken by him.
5. 有些短语动词相当于及物动词,可以有被动语态。它们变被动语态时,不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。 eg:
they took good care of these trees. 他们精心照料了这些树。
→these trees were taken good care of.
we h**e put out the fire. 我们已经把火扑灭了。
→the fire h**e been put out.
六、主动结构表示被动意义。
1. open, lock, sell, read, write, clean, cut, wash, teach等及物动词在用作不及物动词时,它们的主语是物,可用主动语态表示被动意义。eg:
this kind of trousers sell well. 这种样式的裤子很畅销。
the teacher teaches well. 这位老师教得很好。
2. end, cook, do, print, copy, sell, work out, build等动词的现在进行时态表示被动意义。eg:
the vegetables are cooking. 蔬菜正在做着。
the bridge is building. 那座桥正在建着。
3. look, taste, smell, seem, sound等系动词主动意义表示被动意义。eg:
that music sounds beautiful. 那**优美动听。
the flowers smell sweet. 这些花很香。
4. be worth doing 结构中 doing为主动形式表示被动意义。 eg:
the book is worth reading. 这本书很值得你一读。
the topic is well worth talking about. 这个话题很值得一谈。
5. want, need, require 等表示“需要”时后面常可跟v-ing形式表示被动意义,相当于to be done。 eg:
the clothes need washing. 这衣服该洗了。
the flowers want watering every day. 这些花得天天浇水。
6. 在too…to…及enough to结构中有时也表示被动意义。 eg:
the problem is too difficult to solve. 这道题太难,解不出来。
7. 当不定式作宾语时常常用主动形式表示被动意义。eg:
i h**e something important to do. 我有些重要的事要做。
8. 还有一个固定的主动表被动的特殊形式,即h**e sth. done。 eg:
i’m going to h**e my house painted. 我准备把房子粉刷一下。
七、巩固练习。
1. —my watch a .
—don’t worry. let’s go to the lost & found.
a. is lost b. is broken c. has found d. has stopped2005. 浙江)
2. the doctor looked over peter carefully after he d to the hospital.
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