动词的语态（voices）
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
被动语态的基本构成形式主语+助动词be+过去分词。
被动语态的时态。
被动语态的时态通过助动词be的变化来体现。这个助动词必须与主语的人称和数相一致。现以do为例，将被动语态常用时态列表如下：
带情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+过去分词。
this must be done as soon as possible.
有些短语动词的被动语态。
有些短语动词，如“动词+介词”、“动词+副词”、“动词+名词+介词”，其作用相当于及物动词，也可以由被动语态。在被动语态结构中，介词或副词不可丢掉，且其位置不变。
my brother’s child is taken care of by my mother.
主动句变被动句的基本步骤。
1 把主动句的宾语作为被动句的主语。
2 把主动句的谓语改为“be+该动词的过去分词”形式，做被动句的谓语，注意be要根据主语的人称、数和该句的时态要求保持一致。
3 主动句的主语改为by的宾语，有时可省略“by+主语”
被动语态的用法。
英语中，何时情况下才使用被动语态的举例。
1 不知道动作的执行者，只知道承受者的情况 silk is produced in suzhou.
2 不必说出动作的执行者的情况 such books are written for children.
3 需要突出和强调动作的承受者的情况 she is liked by everyone.
注】①不及物动词没有被动语态，如：happen，take，please，disappear等。
这件事发生在2024年。
（wrong） this was happened in 1989.
（right） this happened in 1989.
被动语态和“连系动词+表语（过去分词）”的区别。
被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表状态。前者可用by短语表示动作的执行者，后者则一般不用by短语。 比较：
this book was written last yearthe glass was broken by my sister.
这本书是去年写的。（被动语态玻璃杯是我妹妹打破的。（被动语态）
this book was well writtenthe glass is broken.
这本书写得很好。（系表结构玻璃杯破了。（系表结构）
二、单项选择。
）1. thousands of trees every day.
a. are cut downb. are being cut down
c. h**e been cut down d. had been cut down
） in most middle schools in many countries.
a. play b. plays c. is playing d. is played
）3. he a warm welcome at the station.
a. was given b. g**e c. was giving d. has given
）4. the room again tomorrow afternoon.
a. will be cleaned b. will clean c. is cleaned d. cleans
）5. all the answers already.
a. h**e been found outb. h**e found out c. are found outd. were found out
）6. a dinosaur show at the museum next week.
a. are to be heldb. is to be held c. are holding d. will hold
）7. the great wall all over the world.
a. are known b. is known c. will be known d. knows
）8. the bird fly away yesterday.
a. let to b. is let to c. was let d. was let to
） into ice under 0℃.
a. will change b. can be changed c. should change d. must be changed
） strange sound last night.
a. was heard b. hears c. heard d. is heard
） black car him by his uncle.
a. sent to b. will send to c. was sent to d. will be sent for
） shoes .i want a new pair.
a. is worn out b. wore out c. were worn off d. were worn out
）13. many new houses for teachers since last year.
a. are building b. built c. h**e built d. h**e been built
）14. the river smells terrible. people must dirty things into it.
a. be stopped throw b. be stopped from throwing
c. stop to throwd. stop from throwing
）15. the medicine cool, clean and dry.
a. must keep b. must be kept c. must be carried d. must be in
）16. the lost boy this early morning.
a. found b. was founded c. was found d. had found
） flowers sweet.
a. is smelling b. smelt c. is smelt d. smells
） must at the right time.
a. be harvested b. harvests c. be harvesting d. been harvested
）19. the room on the bus .
a. is took b. has been taken c. are taken d. taken
）20. can such a thing from happening again?
a. stop b. be stopped c. stopped d. be able to stop
四、用所给的词填空。
1．our house．is painted (paint)regularly every june．
2．my father’s car was repaired(repair)last week．
3．english___speak)all over the world now．
4．the flowers in our small garden___water)every day．
5．this book___write)about ten years ago．
6．the doors and windows___shut)last night and then we went to bed．
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