动词时态。
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一、时态的基本概念及用法。
一)一般时态
1、一般现在时:
概念解说]一般现在时表示现在的一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态。其谓语动词第三人称单数要在词尾加"-s或-es",其余用原形。与它形影不离、亲密无间的频度副词和时间状语有often, always,sometimes, usually, every day等。
基本用法:1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反**生的动作或状态,常和副词 usually,often,always sometimes,regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week 等连用。如:
mr. smith tr**els to work by bus every day.
2)表示客观真理或事实。如:the earth moves around the sun.
3)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及 if,unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。如:i will tell him the news as soon as i see him.
i will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as 等(时间状语从句、让步状语从句或主句是祈使句的从句)引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如: free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
you'll probably be in the same train as i am tomorrow. tell him the news as soon as he comes.
5)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,le**e 等。如:
the plane le**es at three sharp. the new teachers arrive tomorrow.
6)在here, there开头的句子中,常用一般现在时取代现在进行时。如:there goes the bell!
7)在hope, suppose, think等后的从句中有时用一般现在时表示未来的情况。如:i hope it is fine tomorrow.
8)表示现在一段时间里连续发生的一连串动作。如:she often gets up at 6:
20, has her breakfast at 7:00 and goes to school at 7:20.
9)此外一般现在时还多用于报刊、电影、电视解说等其他几种情况。注意: 有些表示状态和感觉的动词常常可用于一般现在时:
be,love,like,hate,want,hope,need,prefer,wish,know,understand,remember,believe,recognize,guess,suppose,mean,belong,think(以为),feel,envy,doubt,remain,consist,contain,seem,look(看起来),see,fit,suit,owe,own,hear,find,suggest,propose,allow,show(说明),prove,mind(在意),h**e(有),sound(听起来),taste,matter,require,possess,desire等。如:i feel a sharp pain in my chest.
the soup contains too much salt. how do you find the book?
2.一般过去时:
概念解说]表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,讲述过去的事实。构成:谓语动词用过去式。
常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有yesterday, the day before yesterday, last year \ month \ night \ week, just now, two days ago, then, in 1999 \ 1988等。
基本用法:1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。如:
we went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
2)表示过去习惯性动作或过去某一段时间内经常、反**生的动作。如:he always went to class last.
i used to do my homework in the library. when i was young, i always played football after school.(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)
3)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中代替过去将来时。如:they planned to go outing if it was fine the next day.
4)表示过去连续发生的一连串动作,可都用一般过去时表示"同时"或"先后"。如:mother went to a bookshop and bought an english dictionary for me this morning.
5)代替过去完成时:在由before, after, as soon as等连词引导的从句所表示的动作与主句的动作前后紧接着时,由于连词本身已经说明两动作发生的先后关系,可用一般过去时代替过去完成时(即两个动作都用一般过去时)。如:
the young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise. as soon as he heard his father come back, he stopped watching tv. he said nothing before he saw mrs.
smith. after he closed the door, he left the house.
6)在谈到已死去人的情况多用过去时:lao she was a great writer. my grandmother was kind to us.
3.一般将来时:
概念解说]一般将来时表示在将来某一时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态,也可表示将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态。一般将来时由助动词shall或will加动词原型构成,shall用于第一人称,will用于第。
二、三人称。它常与表示将来的时间状语如soon, tomorrow, next week, in a few days, the day after tomorrow等合作。
基本用法:1)表示将要发生的动作和情况或将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。如:i shall graduate next year.
2)表达说话人的某一种意愿, 或表示一种倾向或习惯性动作多用will一词,或在口语中shall用于第一人称问句里表示征求意见或询问情况,will用于第二人称表示征求对方意见或表示客气的邀请。如:crops will die without water.
oil will float on water. shall i open the door? will you please come to see me?
几种替代形式:
在时间或条件状语从句中,一般不能用将来时态,而用现在时态代替:i'll let you h**e the book when i’m through. they'll fight till they win complete victory.
i'll be round to see you if i h**e time tomorrow.②一般现在时(限于某些动词,表示按计划或时间要发生的事):school finishes on january 18th.
we get off at the next stop. when does the winter vacation begin?
一些过渡性动词,可用现在进行时表示将来。如:he is le**ing tomorrow.
be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。如:i'm going to buy a house when we've s**ed enough money.
it is going to rain.
be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,表示"就要……"具有"必要"的强制性意义。i am to play tennis this afternoon.
be due to +v表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事。如:the train is due to depart in ten minutes.
be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。如:he was about to start.
be on the point/ verge of +v - ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。the baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
4. 过去将来时:
概念解说]过去将来时表示在过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由助动词should或would加动词原型构成,should用于第一人称,would用于第。
二、三人称。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。其具体用法与一般将来时相似,只是将时间的基点移到"过去"。
基本用法:1)表示从过去某时看来,将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从句中。例:
she said that she would meet us at the school gate. he told me that he would tell us something about his trip to england. judy was fifteen.
in two years, she would be seventeen. the manager said that we should(/would) fly to germany the next day. i didn't know if she would tell me the truth.
he told me that they would not play football if it trained.
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