ⅰ 冠词。
1. 有关类指。
a horse is a domestic animal. (侧重任何一个的特点)
the horse is a domestic animal. (指整个类别,区别于别类)
horses are domestic animals. (侧重许多个体)
三类各有侧重,如以下句子:
do you like horses? (不能说do you like a horse?)
the tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. (不能说a tiger is in… )
2. 某些物质名词或抽象名词,表“一类(种、份、场、阵等)”
that’s a green tea. (一种绿茶)
two coffees 两份咖啡。
3. 单数可数名词前不用 a (n)
1) 连系动词turn 后。 after graduation from college he turned teacher (become a teacher).
2) child as/though he is, he knows a lot.
3) man为“人类”、word 为“消息”解时。
word came that the chinese women football team won the second prize in world cup.
4. 一日三餐前有描绘性形容词时,常加不定冠词。如:
we had a wonderful / delicious dinner.
5. 季节名词有限定性定语修饰时,表交通工具的名词有定语时,用定冠词;表星期几。
的词前则常加不定冠词表“某一个”。
in the autumn of 1998a sunday in may
they will le**e by the 10:30 plane
名词。1. some day, one day:
前者指将来的某一天,后者既可指将来某一天,也可指过去某一天。例:if you don’t work hard, you’ll regret some day (one day).
i really saw jack, your best friend, one day in hong kong.
2. 常见可变成可数名词的抽象名词:surprise, cold, pleasure, pity, failure, success, worry, honour, experience, must, difficulty, youth, beauty, wonder, danger, interest, cloth, pain
常见不能变成可数名词的抽象名词:fun, advice, information, health, progress, wealth, news, weather等,即使有形容词修饰也不加不定冠词。
3.双重所有格:其中带有’s部分的名词必须是一个明确限定而又指人的名词。如:a book of mary’s 不能说 a book of a teacher’s
cf: a picture of my mother’s (指妈妈拥有的一张**)
a picture of my mother (妈妈本人的一张**)
表赞美或厌恶等感**彩时,前面的名词常有this, that, these, those等。
this little cat of your sister’s is really a dear. 你妹妹的这只小猫真可爱。(赞美)
代词。a. 反身代词。
含反身代词(oneself)的惯用语:
by oneself (=alonefor oneself 为自己,亲自 of oneself 自动地。
be oneself 处于正常状态 enjoy oneselfseat oneself = sit
dress oneself in 穿着 help oneself tocome to oneself 苏醒。
make oneself at home (不要客气devote oneself to
find oneself in/at 发觉自己来到…
b. 不定代词。
1. 语法特征:
1) every和 no 只作形容词,不作代词。
2) 复合不定代词作主语时,谓语用单数。其他不定代词亦可作形容词(none不能)
3) 复合不定代词不可接of短语,但分开写的some one 等可接。
2. no one, none, nothing之区别。
1) no one单独用只指人。
2) none一般与of连用,指人或物,强调数的概念。
3) nothing与none不同。看例句:when i return to my share of apples, i found none left.
用none表一个苹果也没有了,如用nothing则表什么都没了,连其他东西也没了。
3. 部分否定。any所修饰的名词或由any构成的复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词不能用否定式。即可说not … any 不能说 any … not。
anything cannot stop him going there. √nothing can stop him going there.
形容词和副词。
1. 这类题中以考比较级和最高级为多数,并考查在具体语境中词义辨析。
2. 关于倍数的三个句型:
… times as +形原+ as3 times as big as …)
… times the + 性质名词 + of … 3 times the size of …)
… times 形比 + than3 times bigger than …)
另两种说法:
the output of cars in 2003 is 6 times that of 2000.
the output of cars in 2003 is 6 times what it was in 2000.
3. 比较结构中的省略现象。
tom’s composition, if not better (省了than jack’s), is at least as good as jack’s.
the pianos in the other shop will be cheaper, but not as good. (省了as the ones in this shop)
4. 作后置定语的几种情况。
1) 修饰复合不定代词的形容词。
2) 当“形+介/不定式”的短语作定语时。
the man carried a bag full of rice on his back.
the teacher asked me a question to difficult to answer.
3) 两个形容词用“both…and…” and”及“or”或“so”连接在一起作定语。
4) 当old, long, high, wide, deep等附有数词短语作定语时。
at that time she was only a girl five years old.
5. 表语形容词。
1) 常见的a-形容词及well, sorry, unable, worth, sure等不作前置定语,可作补语(表语)。如:we found the snake still alive.
2) 但afraid, alive, alone, awake等可作后置定语。
3) 以a-开头的形容词不可直接用very来修饰。如:very much alone, fast asleep
6. 以下形容词作表语时,主语通常是“事”而不是“人”。
im)possible, (un)necessary, (im)probable, (in)convenient
it is probable to rain today. ×it指天气)
it is likely to rain today. √
但可说he is impossible to teach. 即不定式动词与主语存在着逻辑上的动宾关系时,句子才正确。
7.指同一主语的两个形容词的比较。
1)--ann acts quite unfriendly.
-- i think she’s more shy than unfriendly. (与其说好不友好,不如说她害羞)
2)he looked more asleep than dead. (sbⅱ, u10, p76)
介词。1. 方位介词:(**)
2. with, by, in译为“用”
1) 使用语言、原料、材料用in;
2) 表“用…方法/式”时,所用介词分别为:
in this/that/the same … way
by this/that … meansby means of
with this/that … method
3. about, on, of表“关于”
about侧重于与人或事物有关的事迹或情况。
on侧重阐述或论及相对重大或深奥的理论、学术等问题。在与tell, read, know, think等动词连用时,of侧重粗略涉及,about涉及的情况则详细得多。
4. besides, except与but表“除了”用于否定句时可相互替换。
5. by表“根据,按”的用法:
带the的常用短语:(sell) by the catty (论斤**),(pay) by the hour,by the pound, by the gallon, by the yard, by the dozen / ton, by the day / week / month,
不带the 的常用短语:by weight/ volume 按重量/体积, by halves
时态和语态。
1. 被动语态与系表结构的区别:
1) 多数有by短语的句子是被动语态;若用固定搭配的介词,则是系表结构。
i was frightened by his ghost story. (被动)
i was frightened of snakes. (系表)
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