定语从句与名词从句。
除了并列连接词与引导状语从句从属连接词外，英语中连接定语从句与名词从句的关联词也十分重要，使用中必须特别注意。
i. 定语从句。
1.定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that或关系副词when, where, why, how等引导。who, whom, whose指人；which指事或物；that指人或物。
关系代词或关系副词除连接句子外，还要代指它们所修饰的中心词并在句子中作一个成分。一般来说，关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语或定语；关系副词作状语。还要注意从句中的谓语动词要与中心词在人称和数上保持一致。
例如：there are many people who want to see the film.
the letter that i received yesterday was from my uncle.
the young man whom we met in the street is my classmate.
do you know the reason why she is absent?
is there anyone here whose name is li ping?
how can she forget the day when she joined the party?
example:
he often tells stories __
a. what people laugh at b. which people laugh
c. that people laugh at d. at what people laugh
sam knows a biologist __owns a well-equipped laboratory.
a. whom b. who c. by whom d. to whom
take those apples which __are a bit green.
a. we realize b. consequently c. it seems d. nevertheless
2.带前置词的定语从句。
引导定语从句的关系代词which, whom除了在定语从句中作动词宾语外，还可以作介词宾语，引出带前置词的定语从句。用哪个介词要根据搭配需要而定。这种定语从句的结构有以下两种：
1)从句由“介词+which”（表示事或物）或“介词+whom”（表示人）构成。例如：
the factory in which i worked is a radio factory.
the man to whom she is speaking is our english teacher.
i shall never forget the day on which i became a league member.
在这一句型中，介词也可以位于从句中的原来位置上，即位于从句中动词之后，有时可省略关系代词。如：
this is one of the urgent problems you must deal with.
the student whom we are talking about has been admitted to a university.
example:
i cannot support a policy __which i h**e never approved.
a. to b. with c. for d. of
words are little windows __we can look into the past.
a. that b. which c. by it d. through which
can you lend me the dictionary __the other day?
a. about that you talked b. that you talked about
c. which you talked d. that you talked
该种从句是测试的重点，其难点在于如何选择介词，通常有以下方法可帮助选介词：一，掌握好常用介词的基本词义；二，熟知动词、形容词与介词固定搭配，在作题时，一定注意是否有固定搭配；三，查阅字典。
2)定语从句由“名词（或代词）+of +which（或whom）构成。例如：
transistors the size of which is small are much used today.
copper the resistance of which is very low serves as a good conductor.
example:
the citizens, _welcomed the new legislation.
a. most of them were workers b. most of whom were workers
c. most of whose were workers d. most of who were workers
mt. everest, the peak __is hardly seen, is the highest mountain in the world.
a. of whose b. which c. of which d. that
3.限制性与非限制性定语从句。
定语从句又分限制性与非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是主句中的中心词不可缺少的定语，如果省略了它，主句的意思就不明确或不完整。它与主句的关系十分密切，不可用逗号与主句分开。
例如：shanghai is the place where the great communist party of china was born.
language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.
语言是人们交流的工具。
非限制性定语从句只起对主句中的中心词作附加说明的作用，如果省略了它，主句仍能表达明确、完整的概念。它与主句的关系不十分密切，所以它与主句之间必须用逗号分开。例如：
man can not live on the moon, where there is no air and water.
the problem, which is complicated, has been solved.
in our class there are forty students, many of whom will work in the mine.
his father, to whom you spoke, is a steel worker.
example:
mrs. nolan will move into her new house next monday, _it will be completely furnished.
a. by which time b. by that time c. by this time d. by the time
my brother, _lives in iceland, is coming to visit us.
a. which b. that c. whom d. who
he met my mother, from __he got the news of my marriage.
a. who b. whom c. which d. whose
4.关系代词的省略。
在限制性定语从句中，关系代词可以省略。省略关系代词主要有以下几种情况：
1)关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。例如：
the experiment (that) we made yesterday was accurate.
2)关系代词在从句中作宾语，先行词为all, anything, something, everything, nothing, much, little, that时，多数人认为只能用 “that”，而不能用 “which”和 “what”，且 “that”常常省略。例如：
is there anything i can do for you?
all he told me is this.
much he teaches us here will be remembered forever.
3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词first, second等修饰时，或受all, any, last, next, no, only, very等修饰时可以省略。例如：
i g**e him all the dictionaries i h**e.
there is no difficulty we can’t overcome.
that’s the best film i’ve ever seen.
this is the very book you want.
4)当先行词为direction, distance, sequence, times(倍数),way 等词时可以省略。例如：
the direction a force is acting can be changed.
do you know the way current is measured?
5)当there be结构作定语时或关系代词在从句中作表语时可省略。例如：
the 8:00 is the faster train there is to shanghai.
that is the only book there is on the subject.
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