名词性从句。
复合句包括两个或两个以上的主谓结构,其中一个是主句,另一个是从句(即在整个句子中作句子的一个成分,不能独立)。按照从句在句中的功能,可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
因为这四种从句在整个句子中所起的作用相当于一个名词,因此,统称为名词性从句。名词性从句需由连接词引导,连接词主要有三类:从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。
从属连词只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用,又在从句中充当某一个成分。另外,名词性从句要用陈述语序。
考点一主语从句。
常引导主语从句的连接词有从属连词:that(无词义),whether/if(是否);连接代词:what(什么;所……的),who(主格,谁),whom(宾格,谁),which(哪一个),whose(谁的),whatever(无论什么),whoever(主格,无论谁),whomever(宾格,无论谁),whichever(无论哪一个)等;连接副词:
when(什么时候),where(什么地方),why(为什么),how(怎样)等。
1.that引导的主语从句。
that只起连接作用,无词义,在从句中不作成分,一般不能省略。如:
that he will come and help us is certain.他来帮我们是肯定的了。
that pneumonia is a comrnon disease is known to all。
众所周知,肺炎是一种普通疾病。
2.whether/if引导的主语从句。
whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾,但if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾,前面需用it作形式主语。whether/if只起连接作用,译成“是否”,在从句中不作成分。如:
whether it is true remains a question.它是真是假,还是个问题。(不能用if)
it is doubtful whether the manager knew the details of the plan.
经理是否知道计划的细节,还值得怀疑。(也可用if)
3.wh-类连接词引导的主语从句。
wh-类连接词除起连接作用外,还在从句中作成分。连接代词主要作主语、宾语、表语、定语等;连接副词在从句中作状语。如:
what you are doing is very difficult.
你正在做的事情很难。(what引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语)
whoever breaks the law should be punished.
任何违法的人都要受到惩罚。(whoever引导主语从句,在从句中作主语)
who will do the job has not been decided.
还没决定谁去做那份工作。(who引导主语从句,在从句中作主语)
when we shall h**e our sports meet is still a question.
我们将什么时候开运动会还是个问题。(when引导主语从句,在从句中作状语)
4.it+谓语+主语从句。
有时主语从句放在句首,句子显得笨重,常把主语从句移到句末.用it作形式主语。常用句型有以下四种:
(1)it+系动词+形容词+that/wh-从句。
常用于这种句型的形容词有:good(好);important(重要的);likely(可能的);unlikely(不可能的);possible(可能的);clear(清楚的);necessary(必要的);true(真的);wrong(错误的);natural(自然的);strange(奇怪的)。如:
it is likely that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow.
很可能明天会有一场暴风雪。
it is certain that your son will do well in his exam.
你儿子在考试中取得好成绩是毋庸置疑的。
it is very important that we must master english words as many as possible.
我们必须尽可能多地掌握英文单词,这是很重要的。
(2)it+系动词+名词+that/wh-从句。
常用于这种句型的名词有:a fact(一个事实);a good idea(一个好主意);an honor(一种荣誉);a mystery(一个奥秘);a question(一个问题);a pity(一个遗憾);a shame(一种耻辱;一个遗憾);a pleasure(一件乐事);no wonder(难怪);common knowledge(常识)。如:
it is a pity that you didn’t attend the lecture yesterday.
你昨天没参加讲座真是遗憾。
it is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.鲸鱼不是鱼,这是常识。
it is a complete mystery how the prisoner escaped.囚犯是如何逃跑的,还是一个谜。
(3)it+系动词+过去分词+that/wh-从句。
常用于这种句型的分词有:known(众所周知);proved(证明);said(据说);reported(据报道);decided(作出决定);suggested(有人建议);advised(有人建议);ordered(根据命令);remembered(有人记得);thought(有人认为);considered(据认为);well known(很著名);hoped(有人希望);turned out(结果);pointed out(有人指出)。如:
it is said that the professor has already succeeded in carrying out this experiment.
据说这位教授已经成功地完成了这项实验。
it is known to all that the earth is round.
众所周知,地球是圆的。
it must be kept in mind that theory is combined-with practice.
—定要记住理论联系实际。
(4)it+不及物动词+that/wh-从句。
常用于这种句型的动词有:appear似乎,好像;happen碰巧;matter重要;occur发生;seem似乎,好像。如:
it seems to me that you object to the plan.在我看来,你好像反对这个计划。
it happened that i was not there that day.碰巧那天我不在那里。
it suddenly occurred to him that the keys might be left in the car.
他突然想到钥匙也许丢在车里。
注意以上四种句型中前三种在表示建议、要求、命令、愿望、责任、义务时,从句谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略,翻译成“应该”,如表示的是过去的动作,要用“should+h**e+过去分词”形式。如要表示对现在事物的惊奇、遗憾、惋惜时也常用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略,翻译成“竟然;居然”。
it is advisable that she(should)take a couple of days of rest.
建议她应该休息一两天。
it is suggested that each student(should)sing a song in english.
(有人)建议每个学生唱一首英语歌曲。
it is strange that he sbould say so.他居然会这样说真是奇怪。
it is a great pity that you should think so.你居然会这样想真是一件可悲的事。
it is no surprise that carl should h**e won the game.卡尔赢得比赛并不奇怪。
5.主语从句应注意的几个问题。
(1)that引导的主语从句既可放在句首,也可放在句尾,但是在下列情况下that从句不可提前。
①在it is said/reported/believed/hoped that...的结构中。如:
it is reported that a bank was robbed yesterday.
相当于a bank is reported to h**e been robbed yesterday.
⑦在it happened/occurred/seemed...的结构中。如:
it happened that the teacher was not in the office that day.
③含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时。如:
is it true that you will give up the job?你将放弃工作是真的吗?
(2)下面这种情况常用it作形式主语。
在it doesn’t matter+what/whether/if/how...结构中。如:
it doesn’t matter what you say.你说什么没关系。
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