语法讲义——名词性从句。
名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。
一)宾语从句。
1、 that 引导从句无意义，不充当任何成分，常省略。（动词后有两个宾语从句第二个that不可省）
i know (that) you h**e met him and that you h**e become good friends.
经常在动词和宾语从句之间插一个间接宾语（人）。
he told me that he was wrong.
在动词think , believe, suppose, expect, guess等后面的宾语从句中的否定前移。
i don’t think you are right.
i don’t believe he has finished his work.
某些表示“心理活动”的adj. 如sure, happy, glad, certain, afraid等后可接宾语从句。
i am sure that our experiment will be successful.
许多带复合宾语的句子，that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句后，而用it 作形式宾语。
we think it wrong that he told a lie to all the people.
we find it impossible that we finish the work ahead of time.
we must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
这类常见句型有： 1) 6123句型： think/find/make/consider/believe/feel +it +adj/n +that-从句。
2)insist on it that-从句， depend on it that-从句， see to it that-从句，
appreciate it if -从句， like/hate/dislike/love/prefer/enjoy +it +when-从句。
take it for granted that-从句。
2、 whether, if 引导宾语从句，表“是否”可互换，但也有区别， 见下面■■
i don’t know if /whether it is interesting.
3、 wh-(ever)引导的宾语从句。
please tell me what you want.
she always thinks of how she can work well.
she will give whoever needs help a warm support.
注意：“一个坚持，两个命令，三个建议，四个要求”（ insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, require, demand, request, ask）后的宾从要用虚拟语气，结构为“should + 动词原形”其中should 可以省略。
二)主语从句。
1、 that 引导的主语从句（that 在主语从句中无任何意义，也不充当任何成分，通常不能省略）
在正式文中，为了强调that 引导的主语从句，that 可以置于句首，在这种情况下，that 不可省。
that the driver couldn’t control his car was obvious.
在通常情况下，用it 作形式主语，而将that 从句置于句尾。此时that 有时可省，常用结构：
it + be + adj. +that 从句。
it was obvious that the driver couldn’t control his car.（改写上文例句）
it + be + n. 词组 + that 从句。
it is no wonder that he looks so puzzled.
注意： 在表示惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等感**彩时，that 分句中的谓语动词常用should）
it is strange that he should be late again.
it + be + reported, hoped, known, believed, thought, expected etc.）+that-从句。
it is reported that there is a storm this afternoon.
it +seem/ happen/ appear 等不及物动词 + that 从句。
it seems that he is unhappy.
2、 whether 引导的主语从句，意为“是否”, 不能用if代替。
whether she will come or not doesn’t matter much.
3、 wh-疑问词引导主语从句。
why he did it is not clear.
whose the book is is not important.
when he will come is not known.
（wh-引导的主语从句也常用it 作形式主语的句式中） it is not known why he did this.
4、 也可以用whatever, whoever, whomever, whenever, wherever等词引导主语从句。
whoever told you that was lying.
看2023年的一道高考题：
___is known to everybody, the moon tr**els round the earth once every month.
a. it b. as c. that d. what
分析：此题很多考生误选了a 或c，其原因是没有注意到逗号的作用。句中逗号已表明该句不是主语从句，而是as引导的非限制性定语从句。故答案为b.
上海’99年的一道高考题：
___has helped to s**e the drowning girl is worth praising.
a. who b. the one c. anyone d. whoever
分析：此题答案为d。“疑问词+ever”构成的复合连接词（however除外）既可以引导名词性从句（主从、表从、宾从、同位语从句），也可以引导让步状语从句。
而“no matter + 疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。二者引导让步状语从句时可以互换，引导名词性从句时只能用“疑问词+ever”形式。
三)表语从句。
1、 that 引导的表语从句无任何意义，不充当任何句子成分，通常不省略， 表示事实、真理、意见、信念、问题等等的实际内容。
the fact is that he is lying.
the problem is that we are lack of money.
2、 whether引导（此时通常不可用if 代替whether.）
the problem is whether people will buy it.
3、 wh-引导。
this is where our problem lies.
the question is who (which of you) will be the next speaker.
that’s just what i want.
that is why he didn’t come to the meeting.( 注意与because引导的区别： that is because he was ill)
4、 as if, as though引导，可用真实语气也可用虚拟语气。
it seems as if he were drunk.( 虚拟语气)
he looks as if he is going to cry.
四)同位语从句。
1. 在名词answer, belief, no doubt, fact, hope, information, idea, knowledge, law, news, opinion, plan, truth, suggestion, thought 等后， 用that引导，that 不能省略， 表示这些名词的内容。
suddenly the thought came to me that he could go blind.
the news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.
有时同位语从句不是紧跟在先行词后面，而是被其他词隔开。
eg: the story goes that william killed his wife.
名词demand, suggestion, proposal 等的同位语从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，为should + 动词原形，should可以省略。
the suggestion that the plan should be delayed will be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.
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