名词性从句。
名词性从句：其功能相当于名词，根据其在句中充当的成分可分为主语，宾语，表语和同位语从句．名词性从句必须用陈述语序。
常见引导词：
1. that 无意义，在名词性从句中不充当成分；
2. whether/if “是否” ,在从句中不充当成分；
3. who “谁”，在从句中作主语， 口语中可作宾语， 表语；
4. whom “谁”，在从句中作宾语， 表语；
5. whose “谁的”，在从句中作定语，表语；
6. what “什么”，“的”，在从句中作主语，宾语， 表语， 定语，含义没有明确的范围；
7. which “哪个，哪些”，在从句中作主语，宾语， 表语， 定语，含义有明确的范围；
8. when “何时”，在从句中作时间状语，表语；
9. where“何地”，在从句中作地点状语，表语；
10. why “为什么”，在从句中作原因状语，表语；
11. how “怎样，怎么”在从句中作方式状语，表语。 由how组成的短语也可引导名词性从句， 在从句中作状语，如how many, how long , how soon, how often, how far…
12. because “因为”，在从句中作原因状语；
13. as if/as though “好像，似乎”，在从句中不充当成分；
14. whoever “无论谁”，在主句和从句中都可作主语，宾语，表语；
15. whomever “无论谁”，在主句和从句中都可作宾语，表语；
16. whatever “无论什么”，在主句和从句中都可作主语，宾语，表语，定语；
17. whichever “无论哪个”，在主句和从句中都可作主语，宾语，表语，定语，含义有明确的范围；
一、主语从句。
用作主语的从句。
常见引导词：that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how, how much, how many, how long, how far, how soon, how often, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever;
1the teacher said today was quite right.
2they are badly in need of help is quite clear.
3they will sell the house is not yet decided.
4was said here must be kept secret.
5makes mistakes must correct them.
6. it is a pity __she has made such a mistake.
7. _we will start is not decided yet.
8. _surprised me most was his manner.
9. _he was chosen monitor is clear.
10he has gone is still unknown.
11will speak at the end of the meeting worries mr. lee a lot.
注： 1、主语从句做主语，谓语用单数；但两个以上的从句做主语，谓语用复数；
what he says and what he does disagree.
2、可用“it”做形式主语，把主语从句放在后面；
主要有下列句型：
1) it +v.+ adj. /n. +从句
it is a shame that we missed the last train.
it is important that we should learn a foreign language.
it’s a pleasure that we’re going to h**e a party.
注：it is important /necessary/ natural/ a pity/strange/ impossible that sb. /sth.
(should) do…
it is necessary that you not sleep in class.
2) it +不及物动词+从句
it seems/appears that he is from the usa.
it happened that his parents were out when he called.
3) it + be +过去分词+从句
it is said that据说……
it is known to all that...众所周知……
it is reported that...据报道……
it is believed that...据信……;人们相信……
it is suggested that...有人建议……
it is hoped that… 人们希望… …
it must be pointed out that...必须指出……
it has been proved that...已证明…….
it is said that tom once studied in the usa.
it is reported that a storm is on the way.
it has been proved that the theory is correct.
3、在主语从句中，“that”放在句首时不能省略，若“it”做形式主语，“that”从句放在后面在口语中，可以省略“that”;
二、宾语从句。
放在某个动词，介词或形容词后做宾语。
常见引导词：that, whether, if, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how, how much, how many, how long, how far, how soon, how often, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever;
1. i thinka healthy diet should contain a lot of green vegetables and fruit.
2. i wonderyou can do me a f**or.
3. it depends onthe manager will agree to the plan or not.
4. the teacher asked little tom __first discovered america.
5. he asked mepronunciation was the best in our class.
6. he told mehad happened on his way to school.
7. do you think __team will win the match?
8. you can doyou like.
9. i’ll give the job tohas much work experience.
10. i don’t knowhe will le**e for america.
11. can you tell methe nearest hospital is?
12. nobody knewshe changed her mind.
13. i always think ofi can improve my spoken english.
注：1. 含宾补时，常用下面句型：
主语＋动词＋it+宾补+宾语从句；
i find it necessary that we should ask him for advice.
2. 介词后常接wh-词引导的从句，很少接that引导的(介词but, except, in 除外), 若介词后的从句由 that引导，则须用it作形式宾语。
after what seemed a long time, he returned home.
you may depend on it that they will support you.
she was fortunate in that she had friends to help her.
3. 在“be+adj.”后，常可接that引导的宾语从句，也可把其称为原因状语从句。
i’m afraid that i can’t accept your invitation.
she’s happy that her daughter had passed the exams.
4. 否定转移：“think, believe, suppose, guess, expect, imagine”等词所接的宾语从句若为否定式，常把否定词提前到在主句中。
he doesn’t believe we h**e finished our work.
i don’t think he cares about it, does he?
5. “that”引导的宾语从句做某动词或形容词宾语时，“that”可省略，但若有两个并列的“that”从句，后一个“that”不可省略；
i hear tom is good at soccer and that he joined the club last week.
6. 宾语从句的时态特点。
主句若用现在时(含一般现在时，一般将来时，现在完成时),从句根据情况可用任何相应时态；
i hear they will be back in a week.
do you know why he left without a word?
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