高考英语语法-省略与替代。
一)并列句中的省略。
在并列句中,第二分句(或第。
三、第四分句)往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如:
some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
二)简单句中的省略。
1.省略主语。
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如:
you) be seated, please.
2)其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如:
i)thank you for your help. (谢谢你的帮助。)
it)doesn’t matter. (没关系。)
2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如:
there is) no smoking. (禁止吸烟。)
is there) anything else ?(还有其他事吗?)
you come) this way, please. (请这边走)。
will you)h**e a smoke ?(吸支烟?)
what (do you) think about a cup of tea ?(来一杯怎么样?)
why(do you)not say hello to him ?(为什么不和他说声再见呢?)
3.省略宾语。如:
do you know miss gao ?(你认识高小姐吗?)
i don’t know(her). 我不认识。)
which of them is the better choice ?(他们中谁是更合适的人选?)
well, it’s hard to tell(it). 哟,这很难说。)
4.省略表语。如:
are you thirsty ?(你渴吗?)
yes, i am(thirsty). 是的,我渴。)
5.同时省略几个成分。如:
are you feeling better now ?(你觉得好些吗?)
(i am feeling)much better(now). 好多了。)
h**e you finished your work ?(你完成工作了吗?)
(i h**e)not(finished my work)yet. (还没有。)
i wish)good luck(to you)!(祝你顺利!)
6.其他一些省略结构。
1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:
we spent the weekend at the blacks’.
2)what和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词。如:
what a wonderful victory(it is)for wilma!
how wonderful(it was)to be treated like a normal child, even when i was bad.
3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to。
代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在be
afraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,wand,wish等后边。如:
i asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.
在h**e,need,ought,be going,,used等后。如:
i didn’t want to go there, but i had to.
在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后,如:
will you join in the game ?
i’d be glad to.
否定形式的省略用not to。如:
shall i go instead of him ?
i prefer not to.
如果不定式中含有be,h**e,h**e been,通常保留be,h**e和h**e been。如:
are you a sailor ?
no, but i used to be.
he hasn’t finished yet.
well, he ought to h**e.
三)复合句中的省略。
1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略;当先行词是time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词when,why,where也可以省去。如:
this is the first time(when)he had trouble with the boss.
2.当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可以把重复的内容省去,而保留wh-疑问词。如:
tom was sad, but i don’t know why(he was sad).
3.状语从句中的省略现象。
一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中:
由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由if,unless,whether等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,even
if,whatever等引导的让步状语从句,由as,than引导的让步状语从句;由as,as if,as though 方式状语从句。
上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则:
1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:
连词(as, as if, once) +名词。
once(he was)a teacher, he now works in a government office.
连词(though,whether,when) +形容词。
work hard when(you are)young, or you’ll regret.
连词(whether, as if, while) +介词短语。
he looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.
连词(when,while,though) +现在分词。
while(i was)walking along the street, i heard my name called.
连词(when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as) +过去分词。
the exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.
连词(as if,as though) +不定式。
he opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.
注意:当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略:
her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.
2)当从句中的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever) +形容词的结构。如:
unless(it is)necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary.
另外,我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容,此时可有if + so/not省略句式。
get up early tomorrow. if not(you don’t get up early),you will miss the first bus.
he may not be at home then, if so(he is not at home),le**e him a note.
替代。一)so和not作替代词,代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子,一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,作be afraid,believe,become,all,do,expect,fear,hope,imagine,say,see,speak,suppose,think等的宾语。not代替否定的句子,还可放在perhaps,probably,absolutely等副词后。
如:she was not angry at first, but became so(=angry)after a while.
is he the best student in the class ?
i think so(=he is best student in the class. )
i think not(=he is not the best student in the class).
二)替代的应用。
1.so可以放在句首或句尾,但若谓语动词是see, notice, hear等,则只能放在句首。如:
i believe(say, think…)so. =so i believe(say, think…).
he is absent today.
so i see(hear, notice).
2.在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如:
误:i doubt so.正:i doubt it.
3.在ask和know之后也不用so。如:
误:why do you ask so ?正:why do you ask that ?
4.do so一般只用替代动态动词,不替代静态动词。如:
she said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so.
alice feels better today.
i think she does.
so she does.但不可说:i think she does so.
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