高中英语模块八第二单元语法讲解及练习牛津版选修

发布 2021-05-14 07:15:28 阅读 3442

高考英语语法-省略与替代。

一)并列句中的省略。

在并列句中,第二分句(或第。

三、第四分句)往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如:

some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.

二)简单句中的省略。

1.省略主语。

1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如:

you) be seated, please.

2)其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如:

i)thank you for your help. (谢谢你的帮助。)

it)doesn’t matter. (没关系。)

2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如:

there is) no smoking. (禁止吸烟。)

is there) anything else ?(还有其他事吗?)

you come) this way, please. (请这边走)。

will you)h**e a smoke ?(吸支烟?)

what (do you) think about a cup of tea ?(来一杯怎么样?)

why(do you)not say hello to him ?(为什么不和他说声再见呢?)

3.省略宾语。如:

do you know miss gao ?(你认识高小姐吗?)

i don’t know(her). 我不认识。)

which of them is the better choice ?(他们中谁是更合适的人选?)

well, it’s hard to tell(it). 哟,这很难说。)

4.省略表语。如:

are you thirsty ?(你渴吗?)

yes, i am(thirsty). 是的,我渴。)

5.同时省略几个成分。如:

are you feeling better now ?(你觉得好些吗?)

(i am feeling)much better(now). 好多了。)

h**e you finished your work ?(你完成工作了吗?)

(i h**e)not(finished my work)yet. (还没有。)

i wish)good luck(to you)!(祝你顺利!)

6.其他一些省略结构。

1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:

we spent the weekend at the blacks’.

2)what和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词。如:

what a wonderful victory(it is)for wilma!

how wonderful(it was)to be treated like a normal child, even when i was bad.

3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to。

代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在be

afraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,wand,wish等后边。如:

i asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.

在h**e,need,ought,be going,,used等后。如:

i didn’t want to go there, but i had to.

在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后,如:

will you join in the game ?

i’d be glad to.

否定形式的省略用not to。如:

shall i go instead of him ?

i prefer not to.

如果不定式中含有be,h**e,h**e been,通常保留be,h**e和h**e been。如:

are you a sailor ?

no, but i used to be.

he hasn’t finished yet.

well, he ought to h**e.

三)复合句中的省略。

1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略;当先行词是time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词when,why,where也可以省去。如:

this is the first time(when)he had trouble with the boss.

2.当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可以把重复的内容省去,而保留wh-疑问词。如:

tom was sad, but i don’t know why(he was sad).

3.状语从句中的省略现象。

一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中:

由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由if,unless,whether等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,even

if,whatever等引导的让步状语从句,由as,than引导的让步状语从句;由as,as if,as though 方式状语从句。

上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则:

1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:

连词(as, as if, once) +名词。

once(he was)a teacher, he now works in a government office.

连词(though,whether,when) +形容词。

work hard when(you are)young, or you’ll regret.

连词(whether, as if, while) +介词短语。

he looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.

连词(when,while,though) +现在分词。

while(i was)walking along the street, i heard my name called.

连词(when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as) +过去分词。

the exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.

连词(as if,as though) +不定式。

he opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.

注意:当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略:

her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.

2)当从句中的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever) +形容词的结构。如:

unless(it is)necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary.

另外,我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容,此时可有if + so/not省略句式。

get up early tomorrow. if not(you don’t get up early),you will miss the first bus.

he may not be at home then, if so(he is not at home),le**e him a note.

替代。一)so和not作替代词,代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子,一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,作be afraid,believe,become,all,do,expect,fear,hope,imagine,say,see,speak,suppose,think等的宾语。not代替否定的句子,还可放在perhaps,probably,absolutely等副词后。

如:she was not angry at first, but became so(=angry)after a while.

is he the best student in the class ?

i think so(=he is best student in the class. )

i think not(=he is not the best student in the class).

二)替代的应用。

1.so可以放在句首或句尾,但若谓语动词是see, notice, hear等,则只能放在句首。如:

i believe(say, think…)so. =so i believe(say, think…).

he is absent today.

so i see(hear, notice).

2.在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如:

误:i doubt so.正:i doubt it.

3.在ask和know之后也不用so。如:

误:why do you ask so ?正:why do you ask that ?

4.do so一般只用替代动态动词,不替代静态动词。如:

she said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so.

alice feels better today.

i think she does.

so she does.但不可说:i think she does so.

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