直接引语和间接引语。
引语可以分为直接引语和间接引语。直接引语即原封不动地引用原话,把它放在引号内;另间接引语,即用自己的话加以转述,被转述的内容不放在引号内。
一、 直接引语变间接引语。
1)陈述句的间接引语。
直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时,在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句,引述动词通常是say, tell等。与此同时,间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化。
the foreigner aid to me, i like beijing very much.那老外告诉我:我很喜欢北京。
→ the foreigner told me that he she liked beijing very much. 那老外告诉我说他(她)很喜欢北京。
she said, we are very fond of sports. 她说:我们都喜欢体育运动。
→ she said that they were very fond of sports. 她说他(她)们都喜欢体运动。
2)疑问句的间接引语。
1.一般疑问句和反意疑问句。
一般疑问句改为间接引语时,要用陈述语序,并要加连词if 或 whether,其主句动词常用ask, wonder, want to know, didn't know等。句末不用问号。
my teacher asked me, do you like american country music 我老师问我:你喜欢美国乡村**吗?
→ my teacher asked me if/whether i liked american country music. 我老师问我是否喜欢美国乡村**。
2.否定的一般疑问句和选择问句。
如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时,用whether…or 连接。
she said, don't you know my telephone number 她说:你难道不知道我的**号码吗?
→ she asked me whether i knew her telephone number or not. 她问我是知道她的**号码。
3.特殊疑问句。
间接引语为特殊疑问句时,间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句,注意从句必须用陈述语序,主句谓语动词常用ask。
he asked, how do you like it 他问:你觉得怎样?
→ he asked me how i liked it. 他问我觉得它怎样。
4.其它。英语中有些疑问句并非提出疑问,而是表示请求、劝告、建议等。这种疑问句变为间接引语时,往往采用其他的形式。
①.suggest doing
shall we all go to the film tonight said michael. 迈克尔说:我们今晚都去看电影,好吗?
→ michael suggested going to the film tonight. 迈克尔建议今晚都去看电影。
②.advise sb to do
why don't you go hiking asked james. 詹姆士问:你为什么不徒步旅行?
james advised me to go hiking. 詹姆士建议我去徒步旅行。
③. offer to do
he said, would you like me to post the letter 他说:你要我寄信吗?
he offered to post the letter. 他主动提出寄信。
祈使句的间接引语。
1.直接引语为祈使句时,间接引语往往用复合宾来表示,其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(动词不定式)。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command, request等词,句中please去掉。
she said to me, please h**e a rest. 她对我说:请休息一下。
→ she asked me to h**e a rest. 她要求我休息一下。
2.带有let的祈使句(表示请求,建议或命令),可用suggest + ing形式或suggest +that从句来表示其相应的意思。
let's go for a walk, said the girl. 那姑娘说,让我们去散散步吧。
→ the girl suggested going for a walk. 这女孩建议去散散步。
感叹句的间接引语。
1.直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时,多采用宾语从句结构,既可用what或how引导,也可用that引导。
what a clever boy you are! my teacher said to him. 老师对他说,你是个聪明的孩子啊!
→ my teacher told him what a clever boy he was. 老师对他说他是一个多聪明的孩子啊。
→ my teacher told him that he was a very clever boy. 老师说他是一个非常聪明的孩子。
2.有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思,采用适当的动词变为陈述句,不需用间接宾语来转述。
help! he cried. 他喊到:救命啊!
→ he called for help. 他大声呼救。
二、 间接引语中的词语变化。
直接引语变为间接引语时,间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。
a. 时态的变化。
1.时态的变化。
①现在时间推移到过去时间。
直接引语中的时态。
一般现在时。
现在完成时。
现在进行时。
现在完成进行时。
间接引语中的时态。
一般过去时。
过去完成时。
过去进行时。
过去完成进行时。
the old man said, i h**e lived in this street since 1960.
→the old man said that he had lived in that street since 1960. 那老人说他自从196年起就住在那条街上了。
he said, is it raining
→ he asked if it was raining. 他问是不是正在下雨。
②过去时间推移到过去的过去。
直接引语中的时态。
一般过去时。
过去完成时。
过去进行时。
间接引语中的时态。
过去完成时。
过去完成时(不变)
过去完成进行时或不变。
she said to me, i wrote a letter to my parents three days ago.
→she told me that she had written a letter to her parents three days before.她告诉我她三天前已给她母亲写了一封信。
what were you doing at seven yesterday he asked
→ he asked me what i was doing at seven the day before. 他问我前一天晚上七点在干什么。
③将来时间推移到过去将来时间。
直接引语中的时态。
一般将来时。
is/am/are going to do
is/am/are to do
间接引语中的时态。
过去将来时。
was/were going to do
was/were to do
he said, we shall get ready by eight o'clock.
→he said that they could get ready by eight o'clock. 他说他们将在8点前准备好。
we are to meet at the school gate, she said to me.
→ she told me that they were to meet at the school gate. 她告诉我他们约定在校门口见面。
④间接引语中保持原来时态不变
在下列情况下,间接引语中的谓语动词时态可以保持不变。
a. 主句为现在时或将来时,间接引语的时态保持不变。
he thinks, she will be back in a month.
→ he thinks she will be back in a month. 他想她将在一个月后回来。
he says, i h**e accepted her invitation.
he says he has accepted her invitation. 他说他已接受了她的邀请。
比较:间接引语中的谓语动词时态对比。
sarah said to me, i h**e two brothers. 莎莎对我说:“我有两个弟弟。”
sarah told me that she has two brothers. 莎莎告诉我说她有两个弟弟。(说话才认为这情况是真实的)
sarah told me that she had two brothers. 莎拉告诉我说她有两个弟弟。(说话者对此没有什么把握)
b. 间接引语表示的是现在的习惯动作、科学真理、客观事实、格言等。
the geography teacher said to the students, the earth moves round the sun.
→ the geography teacher told the students that the earth moves round the sun. 老师告诉学生地球围绕太阳转。
he said, every dog has his day.
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