冠词用法。
一。 不定冠词的用法
1. 表泛指，表首次提到的、不限定的人或物。
there is a book on the desk.
2. a/an+ 单数n.表类别，指一类人或事物。
a horse is a useful animal.
3.表one, a certain, every, the same
i’ll return in a day or two.
a mr. white is waiting for you downstairs.
the doctor asked me to take the medicine three times a day.
they are nearly of an age.
4.用在抽象名词前，a + 抽象名词，即抽象名词具体化。如：
this little girl is a joy to her parents.
it is a pleasure to talk with you.
it is an honour to me to attend the meeting.
a surprise/success/failure
5.与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。
what a he**y rain!
what a good supper!
please give me a black coffee!
6. 在同位语中，常用a/an+ n.（one）
mike and lucy, a newly married couple, had a happy honeymoon in paris.
7. 用在某些固定词组中。
after a while 过了一会儿 all of a sudden 突然 as a rule 通常 as a result 结果，因此。
as a matter of fact 事实上 as a whole 大体上 at a loss 不知所措 in a hurry 急忙。
in a way 在某种程度上 in a word 总而言之 put an end to… 结束…come to an end 结束come to a conclusion 得出结论h**e a good time 玩得愉快h**e a rest 休息一下h**e a cold 感冒 h**e a word with 和…谈一谈make a living 谋生make a fire 生火make a fool of 愚弄take a walk
a knowledge of, a understanding of, a collection of
8. 不定冠词的特殊位置。
1） as/so/too/how/however+ adj.+ a/an+单数n.
so short a time.
too long a distance.
2) what/such/half+ a/an+单数n.
i h**e never seen such an animal.
二。 定冠词的用法
1.表特指的人或物。
look at the blackboard.
there is a book on the desk. the book is an english book.
2. the+单数n.表类别。
the horse is a useful animal.
3. 表世界上独一无二的事物，但若此类名词前有修饰成分，也可用a/an
the sun, the earth, the moon, the sky, the universe
a full moon
but: in nature, in space, in society, in history
4. 用在普通名词构成的专有名词前以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。
the united states, the great wall, the yellow river, the rocky mountains,
5. 用在序数词、形容词最高级、only, very, same前。
the second story, the largest room, the third longest river
但：1）a/an+序数词表“又一，再一”；the+序数词表排序“第一，第二…..
would you give me a second chance?
2) a most +adj.最高级：very, the most +adj.最高级表“最….”
a most beautiful picture= a very beautiful picture
6. 用在方位名词前。
on the left, in the east / west
7. 用在形容词或分词前表示一类人，作主语谓语用复数。
the poor / rich / dying / young / living / wounded
8. 表“按…计算”
by the yard/the dozen/the month/the day/the week/ton
但： by size by time by weight
9. 在姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇二人。
the smiths are sitting at the breakfast table
10. 西洋乐器名词前。
do you like to play the piano or the violin?
11. 在表示发明物的单数名词前加定冠词。
the compass was invented in china four thousand years ago.
12. 年代，朝代前。
in the 1870’s/1870s, the tang dynasty
13. 动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位。
he hit him in the face.
beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head
14. the+比较级表两者中“较….的”，a+比较级表“一个更…..的”
he is the taller of the two boys.
i don’t like the bike. i want a better one.
15. 用在一些习惯用语中。如：
all the same 仍然all the time 一直 all the year round 一年到头at the age of 在……岁时at the beginning of 起初； 开始at the end of 在……的尽头/末尾。
16. 定冠词位置。
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在exactly, just, all, both，double，half，twice等词之后，名词之前。
all the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。
三。 不用冠词的情况(零冠词)
1. 专有名词前。
china , america, john,2. 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格限制时。
this book is mine.
3. 季节、月份、星期、节日、一日三餐名称前。
spring, summer, autumn / fall, winter, sunday, october, national day
but: in the spring of that year,
i met him on a monday last month.
we had a wonderful supper.
4. 称呼语，表示头衔的名词作表语、补足语及同位语时。
what’s this, mother?
he was made monitor.
george w. bush is president of the usa.
5. 学科名词，球类、棋类名词前。
do you study mathematics?
he likes playing football / chess.
6. 不可数名词、复数名词表泛指前。
water is very important.
computers are widely used in our daily life.
7. 在与by连用的交通工具名称前。
by car( bus, train, water, air, land)
8. 某些固定词组中。
day and night, brother and sister, hour after hour, here and there
9. as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。
child as she is, she knows a lot of french.
10. 系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。
the young girl has turned writer.= the young girl has become a writer
与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。
no such thing has ever happened in this village
12. man “人类” nature “自然”前不用冠词。
13. 常见纯不可数名词，不与a/an 连用。
fun, weather, advice, progress, baggage, luggage, furniture, equipment, space, health, wealth, word=news, information, luck
注意：有无冠词的区别。
at table 在进餐at the table 在桌子旁边。
at desk 在读书at the desk 在课桌旁。
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