非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:
ii. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较:
iii.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:
iv. 非谓语动词做定语的区别:
v. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:
不定式、动名词和现在分词都有时态和语态的变化。
一、 不定式的作用。
1、 作主语不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。如:
it took us two hours to finish the job.
it is impossible for us to get there on time.
it is very kind of you to help us.
注意:(1)其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。
(2)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用it is …to…的句型。试比较:
it is to negate my own idea to believe him.(错)
to believe him is to negate my own idea .(对)
3)it is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时,用of, 否则用 for.
2、 作宾语。
1) 动词+不定式。如:
he managed to escape from the fire.
i find it hard to get along with him.(it 作形式宾语)
注:下列动词通常用不定式作宾语:want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等。
2) 动词+疑问词+to , 特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。如:
i don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.
i can’t decide when to go there.
注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语。如:
i find it necessary to learn a foreign language.
3、 作宾语补足语。
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do )。如:
he warned me to be careful.
i want you to speak to tom.
what makes you think so?(不带to的不定式)
注:可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage
2) 表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如:
we consider tom to be one of the best students in our class.
the book is believed to be useful.(被动语态)
(3) there +不定式。如:
we didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
注意:(1)有些动词需用 as 短语作补语,像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如:
we regard tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
2)在动词feel (一感),hear, listen to(二听),h**e, let, make(三让),notice, see, watch, observe, look at(五看)(即:吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to。如:
they saw the boy fall off the tree. the boy was seen to fall off the tree.
3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.
i often help him (to)clean the room.
i helped him (to) find his things.
4、 作定语。
不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词,不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如:
i h**e a lot of work to do.(动宾关系)
he is looking for a room to live in.(动状关系)
he is the first person to think of the idea.(主谓关系)
he has got a chance to go abroad.(同位关系)
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