语法专练---非谓语动词。
出题人：张莉审核人日期：2011-10-15
课前预习案：
2011．山东）look over there-there’s a very long, winding path __up to the house.
a. leading lead
非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点，切不可记住几个条条框框就去乱套。真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：
1） 具有句子结构的知识，要分清简单句与复合句，陈述句与祈使句；
2） 具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分清双宾语与复合宾语；
3） 具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分清及物动词和不及物动词，双宾动词和复宾动词。一些最基础最常用的动词的用法应烂熟于心；
4） 具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析30词左右长度的复合长难句。
非谓语动词的句法功能（请在相应格子中划√）
分析下列句子中非谓语动词的句法功能：
1. all these gifts must be mailed immediately to be received in time for christmas.
2. ****** the right decisions concerning the future is probably the most important thing we’ll ever do in our lives.
3. mrs murphy had an accident driving to work and was badly injured.
4. in the united states, 40 % of the toys sold are designed for adults.
5. please remain seated until the plane has come to a complete stop.
6. it’s difficult to imagine his accepting the decision without any consideration.
7. they went back home, le**ing the work unfinished.
8. she was heard crying in the room.
9. living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
10. a man without a smiling face must not open a shop.
课内**案：
非谓语动词不能单独作谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词主要有to do（不定式）, doing（动名词和现在分词）, done（过去分词）三种形式。
一、 非谓语动词的时态和语态。
1. 不定式的时态和语态。
2. doing的时态和语态。
二、非谓语动词作主语。
不定式作主语，常用it作形式主语代替，而把不定式放到句末，使句子平衡。-ing（动名词）作主语，常表一般性的事实、概念、习惯或者经验，有时也用it作形式主语而把-ing形式置于句末。如：
it is no use/good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
it is fun playing with children.
there is no joking about such matters. 这种事情开不得玩笑。
eg：1. it’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview.
_the answers ready will be of great help.
a>to h**e had b>h**ing had c>h**e d>h**ing
若主语与表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。如：
seeing is believing.(=to see is to believe.) 眼见为实。
三、非谓语动词作宾语。
1.下列动词只能跟不定式作宾语：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help.
此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
eg: agreedhere but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
a>h**ing met b>meeting c>to meet d>to h**e meet
2.下列动词只能跟-ing（动名词）作宾语：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider, suggest/advise/propose/recommend, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy; **oid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape.
此外，be used to, lead to, devote…to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand, give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), h**e difficulty/trouble (in), h**e a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。
3.下列动词既可以跟不定式，也可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有区别：
forget to do/doing (忘记去做/做了)，remember to do/doing（记得要做/做了），regret to do/doing(遗憾要去/后悔做了), stop to do/doing (停下来去做/停止做) try to do/doing(努力做/尝试做) mean to do/doing(打算做/意味着做) go on to do/doing (接着做另一件事/继续做同一件事), can’t help (to) do/doing (不能帮助做/情不自禁做)。
eg： didn’t remembermeet) him before.
already deeply regretted __sell) the house.
dictionary can’t help __learn) the language.
4.—when do you plan to le**e? –i meanle**e) tomorrow.
doing sth.
sb to do sth.
+ doing( to be done) /sb to do sth.
worth doing// be worthy to be done/of being done
7.不定式在介词but，other than（除了）后，如果介词前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to. 如：
we could do nothing but/other than wait.
he had no choice but to wait. (to不能省去)
在cannot choose but, cannot help but（只好），cannot but （只好），had better, would rather 后面的不定式也要省略to. 如：
he cannot choose but stay on.
i cannot but agree to his terms.(我只好同意他的条件)
you had better come here on time.
i would rather stay than otherwise. (我宁愿留下来也不愿做别的)
8.不定式做动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等的宾语时， 前面常带引导词how, what, whether, where, when, who 等，但why后加不带to的不定式。如：
he showed us how to do the work.(=he showed us how we should do the work.)
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