语法复习专题（2）
unit2 冠词。
一、考点聚焦。
1.不用冠词的情况。
1）专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。
china , america, smith
air is matter.
2）可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。
this dictionary is mine.
3）季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。
march, may day, national day, children’s day, women’s day
h**e you had supper?
spring is the best season of the year.
4）称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，一般不加冠词。
what’s this, father? we made him our chairman.
ask nurse to put the child to bed. professor li.
5）学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。
do you study physics?
he likes playing football/chess.
6）复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。
they are peasants/ workers.
7）在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。
by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land
但：take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。
8）某些固定词组中不用冠词。
名词词组中：
husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork
介词词组中：
to(at, from) school, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university（college）,to（in, into, from）church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot
注意：在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。
in hospital 住院（因病。
in the hospital在医院（工作、参观等）
in front of在前面，指某物体之外。
in the front of在前部，指某物之内。
in charge负责，主管 out of question没问题。
in the charge由……负责 out of the question不可能。
9）as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。
child as she is, she knows a lot of french.
10）系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。
the young girl has turned writer.
the young girl has become a writer.
11）在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。
she did experiment after experiment.
类似的还有：shop after shop, mistake after mistake
12）形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。
“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。
oh, it’s most beautiful.
当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。
she is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.
当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。
the market in the country is busiest in winter.
形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。
a wolf in a sheep’s skin is our most dangerous enemy.
序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……”之意，但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。
why you took a second arrow
注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。
he is a top student in our class, he often gets a first in maths.
13）no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。
no such thing has ever happened in this village.
14）never、ever置于作主语的名词前，这些名词前不用冠词。
never did student study so hard.这个学生从未学得这么认真。
15）有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力，或为了引起注意力，省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。
conference opens.会议召开了。
2.定冠词的使用情况。
1）使用定冠词的一般情况。
特指或第二次提到。
序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。
用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。
2）定冠词使用特殊的场合。
he hit him in the face.
beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb.
on the head② the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人，穷人，伤员。
the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two两者中较年长的一位，较漂亮的一个。
the sooner, the better.越快越好。
he got paid by the hour.他是按小时付工钱的。
by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year…
但：by weight按重量。
in the 50s /in the 1870s（表示年代）
the smiths/the whites（表示一家人或夫妇俩）
in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/
rain tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home
当抽象名词表示某一特定内容，特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时，它与定冠词连用：
she is fond of music.
he is playing the music written by beethoven.
good advice is beyond price.
i’m sorry not to h**e taken the advice he g**e.
3.不定冠词常用的几种情况。
1）表示“一”相当于“one”。i’ll return in a day or two.
2）表示“每”相当于“per”。we h**e three meals a day.
3）表示“同一性”相当于“the same”。the children are of an age.
4）表示类指，表示“某类”。he wants to he a doctor.
5）表示泛指，相当于“any”。a horse is a useful animal.
6）表示某一个，相当于“a certain”。a mr. smith is asking to see you.
7）与抽象名词连用，可以表示“一场、一次、一件”，如：a pleasure一件乐事，a surprise一件令人惊讶的事，a joy一件高兴的事，a pity一件遗憾的事，an honour一个（件）经以为荣的人(事)。
8）与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。
what a he**y rain!
what a good supper!
please give me a black coffee!
4.冠词表类别的常见方式。
1）定冠词 + 单数可数名词，表示一个，代表一类。
the computer was invented in 1945.
the tv set was invented by joan baird.
the horse is a useful animal.
2）不定冠词 + 单数可数名词（表示任意一个，某一个）。
a pen is a tool for writing.
a square has four sides.
a horse is a useful animal.
注意：man, woman表示泛指时，不用冠词，且常用单数。如：
man is fighting a battle against pollution.
man tries to be the protector of woman.
3）可数名词或不可数名词，指类别（考虑到同类中的各个情况）。
horses are useful animals.
rice is a kind of food.
5.冠词位置问题。
1）不定冠词 + 副词 + 形容词 + 名词。
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