ⅰ．简单句之间的转换。
1781 句型的转换是指一个句子由一种语法结构变为另一种语法结构，而不改变其原来的意义。这是一种有用的练习，可以学会许多不同的说法，能从几个句子中挑选出最适当的句子形式。
a．主动语态与被动语态之间的转换。
一个句子可以由主动结构变为被动结构，也可从被动结构变为主动结构（参阅1207—1209）：
he has finished his university studies．
his university studies h**e been finished．
they put him to death．
he was put to death．
an englishman teaches him english．
he is taught english by an englishmen．
b．肯定句与否定句之间的转换。
一个句子可以由肯定形式变为否定形式，也可由否定形式变为肯定形式：
i am doubtful of his honesty．
i am not sure of his honesty．
few understand it．
not many understand it．
he is sometimes silly．
he is not always clever．
it is tidy．
it is not untidy．
he always objected．
he never agreed．
he failed to come．
he did not come．
she told the story with tears．
she told the story not without tears．
only he knows it．
nobody else knows it．
he lacks courage．
he is without courage．
he is very tired．
he is not a little tired．
he will always remember your kindness．
he will never forget your kindness．
c．反问型问句与陈述句之间的转换。
反问型问句（rhetorical questions）可以转变为陈述句：
is that the way to treat your wife？
that is not the way to treat your wife．
can i say anything？
i cannot say anything．
where can you ever see a ghost？
you can never see a ghost anywhere．
who cares about you？
nobody cares about you．
why should i apologize？
i should not apologize．
d．不同词类之间的转换。
几乎任何词类都可以转换为另一词类。可以是：
1．动词与名词间的转换：
our enemy is strengthening．
our enemy is gaining strength．
they agreed not to criticize each other．
they made an agreement not to criticize each other． it smells good．
it has a good smell．
john disgraces our family．
john is a disgrace to our family．
2．动词与形容词之间的转换：
he neglects my advice．
he is negligent of my advice．
he fears nothing．
he is afraid of nothing．
this letter expresses his gratitude．
this letter is expressive of his gratitude．
they widened and lengthened the street．
they made the street wide and long．
3．动词与副词间的转换：
he succeeded in advising mary．
he advised mary successfully．
they enjoyed celebrating the festival．
they celebrated the festival joyfully．
this story surpasses others in beauty．
this story is surpassingly beautiful．
4．名词与形容词间的转换：
he is a man of wealth．
he is a wealthy man．
he is a husband with no heart，she is a wife with a long tongue．
he is a heartless husband，she is a long-tongued wife．“here lies the only wile of john lee．”
here lies john lee's only wife．”
this policy is of great importance．
this policy is very important．
there was once a monster with three heads．
there was once a three-headed monster．
5．名词与副词间的转换：
please handle it with care．
please handle it carefully．
in all probability，it will rain this evening．
most probably，it will rain this evening．
our troops entered the city in triumph．
our troops entered the city triumphantly．
6．形容词与副词间的转换：
after a careful analysis，the food proves poisonous．
carefully analysed，the food proves poisonous．
he hates hard work．
he hates to work hard．
7．介词与连词间的转换：
i like him for his unselfishness．
i like him because he is unselfish．
i will wait until his return．
i will wait until he returns．
**：．简单句与复合句之间的转换。
1782 一个分词、动名词、不定式或介词短语可以转换为复合句，反过来也如此：
sitting down，he read the letter．
he sat down and he read the letter．
the guest le**ing，i went to bed．
the guest left，and then i went to bed．
being tired of life，he refuses to see any friends or relatives．
he is tired of life，so he refuses to see any friends or relatives．
he ran away to **oid punishment．
he ran away，or he would be punished．
he has to work hard to maintain his big family．
he has to work hard，otherwise he cannot maintain his big family．
out of a desire to please her mother，he sent her things from time to time．
he sent things to her mother from time to time，for he desires to please her．
besides selling rice，he teaches arithmetic in the evening．
he sells rice，and besides he teaches arithmetic in the evening．
with all his efforts，he failed．
he made all efforts，but he failed．
by his good manners，he wins her heart．
he has good manners，therefore he wins her heart．
the boy is rewarded for his br**ery．
the boy is br**e，so he is rewarded．
**：．简单句与复杂句之间的转换。
1783 一个词或是短语可以转变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，反过来也如此：
a．名词从句。
i believe your statement．
i believe what you state．
i insisted on his studying art．
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