省略与替代。
省略（ellipsis）是为了避免重复，突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。在近几年的高考试题中，省略现象也尤为常见。
英语中常常使用省略的形式，现总结如下：
一、在情景会话中，答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语和谓语部分。命令句、感叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最为常见。
open the door!开门！ why not?
为什么不？ why so?为什么这样？
anybody wishing to go?谁愿意去i’m ) afraid not. 我恐怕不。
what a lovely place (it is多么可爱的地方！
考点一〗各种省略答语。
01.—you h**en’t been to beijing, h**e you?
how i wish to go there some day.
a. yes, i h**eb. yes, i h**e gone there
c. no, i didn’t h**ed. no, i h**en’t
02.—what should i do with the passage?
the main idea of each paragraph.
a. finding out b. found out c. find out d. to find out
二、动词不定式的省略：①使役动词和感觉动词后不定式作宾补时，省略不定式符号to。②不定式与前面的动词重复时，常被省略，但要保留to。
1、使役动词let, make, h**e及感觉动词see, watch, hear, notice, observe feel, witness等后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省去，但用于被动语态时不能省略。
例如：i saw the boy fall from the tree. the boy was seen to fall from the tree.
2、有时为了避免重复，表达相同意思的不定式to符号后面的内容常承前省略，只保留不定式符号to。
系动词(be) +adj. 此类用法中常见的形容词有：afraid, ready, glad, happy, willing等。例如：
could you go shopping with me?
i am glad to.(省略了go shopping with you)
mean, try, want, afford, decide, refuse, wish, like, need, would like, would love等后面接不定式作宾语时，省略作宾语的不定式，只保留不定式符号to。
are you going there? —yes, i’d like to. (省略了going there)
注意】若该宾语是be动词或完成时态的不定式时，则须在to后面保留be或h**e。例如：
are you an engineer? —no, but i want to be. (be不能省略)
tell, warn, order, advise, ask, expect等动词后不定式作宾补时，常省略不定式的内容，只保留不定式符号to。例如：
the students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to.
nothing can stop the boy from playing video games when he wants to.
两个或两个以上的动词不定式由并列连词连接时，后面的不定式可省去to。若表示对比、对照时，则不省略to。
her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes.
it’s better to laugh than to cry.
3、特殊结构中的省略。
would rather, had better, would sooner, do nothing but, h**e nothing to do but, there is nothing to do but, can’t help but, rather than等后不定式符号常省略。
例如：he would sooner die than surrender.
i’d rather look after the baby than wash dishes.
三、状语从句的省略：若从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句的谓语动词中含有be动词，从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。
he won’t go to the party unless (he is) invited.
country music today remains much the same as (it was) before.
when (i am) in trouble i always turn to her for help.
look out for cars when (you are) crossing the street.
注意】as引导让步状语从句时，通常从句要倒装。若从句的表语是可数名词单数，将名词提前时，名词前面的冠词（a, an）须省略。
child as he is, he knows much about the society.
though he is a child, he knows much about the society.
考点二〗状语从句的省略。
research is so designed that once __nothing can be done to change it.
a. beginsb. h**ing begun c. beginning d. begun
04. though __money, his parents managed to send him to university.
a. lackedb. lacking of c. lacking d. lacked in
四、当见到“when（或if, where, wherever, whenever, as soon as, than等）+ possible / necessary”时，可理解中间省略了it is / was.
when (it is) necessary, you can help us to do something.
answer these questions, if (it is) possible without referring to the book.
i’ll inform you by e-mail when (it is) necessary.
he looked as if (he were) afraid of nothing.
注意】由if构成的省略结构，已属于固定短语。如：if any, if necessary, if possible, if not, if so等。如：
if necessary, ring me at home.
he may be busy. if so, i’ll call later. if not, can i see him now.
五、用so, not, neither, nor或其它手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句义。
1、so与 not常可用来替代前面说的话，so表示肯定的替代，not表示否定的替代，即“…+谓语+not”或“…not+谓语+so”。so还可以和even, still, if, absolutely等连用，not可与 if, perhaps, of course, better why (not)等连用，构成缩略句。
can emily do this work? 埃米莉能做这件工作吗？
i think so. 我想她行。
i think not.（或i don’t think so.）我想她不行。
did you know anything about it? 这件事你以前知道吗？
not until you told me. 直到你告诉了我，我才知道。
2、“so+谓语+主语”表示前面的肯定情况也适合于后者；“so+主语+谓语”强调主语的情况的确如此；“neither/nor +谓语+主语”表示前面的否定情况也适合于后者。
he did well in this examinationso he did.
she has been to the great wallso h**e i.
if you don’t go to the cinema, neither will i.
考点三〗替代性省略。
05.— will you be able to finish your report today?
a. i like it b. i hope so c. i’ll do so d. i’d love it
burning hot today, isn’t it?
yesyesterday.
a. so was it b. so it was c. so is itd. so it is
六、定语从句与省略：1、在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom, which, that。
that is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week.
is this the museum (that/which) you visited yesterday?
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