省略句定义:为了使语言简洁或避免重复,要省略句中的一个或几个成分,这种语法现象称之为省略。
英语中省略现象较为普遍,对省略的考查已成为高考中的热点。句子成分的省略,可分为以下几种情况:
1.省略主语,主谓语或主谓的一部分。
2.不定式符号to的省略。
3.不定式结构中动词的省略。
4.状语从句中的省略。
5.定语从句中关系词的省略。
6.虚拟语气中if和should的省略。
7.考查not,so,neither,nor的“替代性”省略。
省略句常见情况具体分析:
1, 在有and连接的句子中为了避免重复,长省略一些重复的词或者词组:
1),省略共同的主语或者宾语。
mr smith picked up a coin on the road and (mr smith) handed it to a policeman.
2),若主语不同,而谓语,助动词或者情态动词相同,则省略后面的助动词或情态动词。
jack must h**e been playing football and mary (must h**e been ) doing her homework.
3), 若主语与谓语动词相同,则省略后面的主谓成分。
his advice made me happy, but (his advice made) jim angry.
4),若主语不同的话,但主要动词及后续部分相同,则省略主要动词及后续部分。
i was born in winter 1998, and bob (was born ) in 1989.
5) 省略重复的介词,连词及后续部分。
he was late because he had overslept and (because he had ) missed the train.
2, 状语从句的省略。
1),在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though 等引导的状语从句中,其实是:包括时间,让步,方式等一些状语从句中,若从句主语和主句主语相同,或者是it时,且从句的主语为be动词时,则从句中的主语和be动词常全部被省略。
errors, if (there are) any, should be corrected.
(补充:常用的一些短语:1, if possible , when/ if necessary, as … as possible, as please (随便)
i will do what i can to help you when necessary.
if you want to pass the text, you should study as hard as possible.
2)if so (如果是这样),if ever (如果曾经发生过),if any(如果有些),if not (如果不), even so (即便如此)
i will go to the party. if not, i will let you know.
i do not like reading popular novels. if any, i can read it.
it is likely to rain tomorrow. if so, i will stay at home surfing the internet.
3)在as, than, however,whatever, no matter what 等引导的从句中,常省略某些成分。
after two hours she became quieter (than she had been).
3, 虚拟语气中的省略:
1),常省略if,而将had,were, should 提前,构成部分倒装。
had he taken my advice, he would h**e succeeded.
2),在suggest动词串中,应用虚拟语气虚拟语气(should +动词原形),should 可省略。
it suggested that we (should ) go to see a film.
4, 在定语从句和名词性从句中的省略。
1),在限定性定语从句中,常将在从句中做宾语的关系代词who, whom, that省略。
the girl (who / whom/that) the teacher spoke to is my sister.
2), 在know, think, consider等动词后所接的宾语从句中,连词that可以省略,若连接的是两个宾语从句,只有第一个that可以省略,其余的不可以省略。
he said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
3).由 which, when, where, how, why, 引导的宾语从句,可全部或部分省略。
he will come back, but he does not know when (he will come back).
5, 动词不定式的省略。
1),使役动词let, make, h**e, 及感官动词see, watch, hear,等后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省去to,但是被动语态要加上to,这在我们初中的时候和我们将非谓语动词的时候,已经讲过。
i saw the boy fall from the tree.
the boy was seen to fall from the tree.
2), 有时候为了避免重复,与前文所表达的内容相同的不定式to后面的内容要省略,而只是保持不定式的符号to。
could you go shopping with me? i am glad to.
3), 不定式作某些动词的宾语时,可省略不定式内容,只保留不定式to, 这类动词包括有like, love, hope, wish, expect, refuse, mean, try, agree等。
you can do it if you mean to.
注意:省略的不定式的内容若有作助动词用的h**e 或be的任何形式时,to 后面的h**e 或be 要保留。
he did not come, but he ought to h**e.
4), 两个或者两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起由and /or 连接时,第一个不定式待to, 后面的不定式可省略去to,但是表示对比时则不省略to。
her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes.
it is better to laugh than to cry.
6, 介词的省略。
1), 一些与动词,名词,或形容词一起搭配的介词常省略,而保留其后面的动名词,常见的句型有:h**e difficulty /trouble (in) doing sth, be busy (in) doing sth, stop / prevent sb (from ) doing sth, waste time (in) doing sth
2) 表示时间的介词at, on 和in 用在next, last, this, these, yesterday, tomorrow, one, any, every, each, some等词之前,一般可以省略。
we go to school every day except (on) sunday。(这些主要靠积累,及语感)
7,在口语中常常出现的省略情况:
how come? 怎么样会这样呢?表示惊讶:
how so? 为什么? 要求解释原因:
what for? 为什么呢?:why not?
为什么不呢?表示对意见的赞同:what?
什么?什么事情呢?对对方的话没有听明白时的交际用语:
so what? 那又怎么样?有点桀骜不驯的意味。
(这是考试的重点,尤其是高三的时候)
rick’s parents are a little strange, i think. how so?
would you like to go out for a picnic with us? why not?
8, 用so,not 代替上文提到过的一部分或整个句子。
is he coming back tonight? i think so.
she must be busy now? if so, she can not go with us.
is she feeling better today? i am afraid not.
这种用法常见的有: why so? is that so? he said so?
注意:肯定式用so代替上文的语义,但否定式用“i don’t suppose/ believe / think / guess so”。 而hope, be afraid, be sure则用“i hope / am afraid / am sure not”。
难点多变的省略句。
案例**。1.—do you think it’s going to rain over the weekend?
don’t don’t believe it
believe not believe not
命题意图:此题考查not在宾语从句中的“替代性”省略。此题属四星级题。
知识依托:“so”可代替某些动词后的宾语从句,但绝不能用it或that。这些常用的动词有:
believe,be afraid,expect,hope,imagine,suppose等。例:
is she going to the party tonight?
i think so./i hope so.
其否定有两种:①动词用否定结构。
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