英语书面表达

做书面表达时，我们常常会碰到这种情况：一个意思往往因一个单词不会而表达不清；一个好的句子因一个单词想不起来而不能完成。面对这种情况，该如何应对呢？

下面介绍三种简便易行的应急措施，希望能对同学们有所帮助。

一、换用笼统词

词大体可分为两类：笼统词和具体词。笼统词的特点在于意义广泛、搭配性强。

虽然它们独自不能精确表达一个动作，但在构成词组以后可替代很多具体词。写作中遇到一些具体词写不出来的时候，用笼统词取代，能收到异曲同工之妙。最常用的笼统词有 h**e，take等。

例：迈克经历了一个极其艰苦的时代。m ike experienced a terrible hard time．写作时，若忘记了experience可用笼统词h**e代替，写成m ike had a terrible hard time．同样能收到预期效果。

再看几例：are you married？＝ do you h**e a wife ／husband？

do you understand my meaning？＝do you take my meaning？

she will subscribe（订阅）to chi- na today．＝she will take china to- day．

二、换用同义词、反义词

遇到未曾学过的词或一时想不起的词时，可采用发散性思维，发挥想象力，尽可能想出与之有关的同义词、反义词，利用语言的内在联系、多层次、多角度地运用语言，使单词受阻现象得以解决。

例：昨晚李雷做了一场恶梦。

li lei had a nightmare last night．因nightmare使用率不高，不易记住。但其同义词bad dream易记。上句可换译为：

li lei had a bad dream last night．

再如：the food is tasty．＝the food is nice toeat．＝the food is delicious．

we discontinued the work at nine．＝we stopped the work at nine．

this woman is talkative．＝this woman is never quiet．

this car is expensive．＝this car is not cheap．

三、换用迂回表达

当一个词或某些信息表达起来有困难时，要充分利用语言本身词汇丰富、句型多变等特点，进行迂回表达。因为任何一种表达形式，只要能达意便可接受。请仔细观察划线部分词语，看看是如何迂回表达的。

例：1．我从未见到过这样顽固的人。

i"ve never seen such a stubborn person．＝i"ve never seen such a person who never listens to other"s advice．

2．如果我们想得到文凭，我们必须首先通过考试。

if we want to obtain a diploma，we must first pass the exams．＝if we want to get a graduation *****，we must first pass the exams．

3．工厂里的烟囱（chimney）拔地而起。

high chimneys h**e appeared in the factories．＝the factories are full of high chimneys．＝a lot of high chimneys can be seen in the factories．

4．他数学考试取得优异成绩，被大学录取了。

he passed the maths exam ／succeeded in the maths exam and became a college student．

5．中午我们吃了野餐。

at noon we had a picnic．＝at noon we had our lunch in the open air.