微型课题。
英语动词的分类。
在高中英语教学中,有很多学生不明白该如何使用be动词及其它动词,不管是写句子还是说话,一提笔或一张口就是i’m接动词原形。经过反复强调和纠正,学生仍然是一用就错。显然,这是由于他们中学时英语掌握得不够扎实,对很多语法现象知之甚少且未能理顺,加上头脑中储存的正确句型甚少造成的。
实际上,be动词及其组合的动词的用法看似简单,实则较为复杂且是英语学习中的重、难点所在,若掌握了动词及其运用规则,再积累一些单词和句型,英语的运用就不是那么困难了。
动词是表示动作或状态的词,在句中具有时态、语态、语气、语体等语法特征。
1.从作用来看,动词可分为助动词(primary auxiliary)和主动词(main verb)即实义动词(lexical verb)。
1.1.实义动词是指具有实际动作含义的动词。如talk,smile,dance,work等都表示一定的动作,因此被称为实义动词。
1.2.助动词是用来辅助实义动词构成时态、语态、否定、疑问等的词。
它包括基本助动词do,be,h**e;情态助动词即我们平时所指的情态动词shall,should,will,would,can,could,may,might,must,dare,need,ought to,used to等约十三个词,以及半助动词h**e to。
2.实义动词的分类:
2.1.及物动词(transitive verb)和不及物动词(intransitive verb)及物动词(vt.
)后一般接人或物做宾语,比如:tell 中tell是及物动词,sb.是它的间接宾语,sth.
是直接宾语,知道了这个词的结构,我们就可以将sb.,sth.替换成具体的词,如:
tell him a story,tell me a lie,tell jokes,tell do sth…那么再将短语扩展成句子也就不难了,比如my brother loves telling jokes.
he told me a lie yesterday.
he told me that he would lend me his bookafter he finished reading it.
the secretary told me to wait for a fewminutes.
不及物动词(vi.)后一般加一些介词或副词才能带宾语。如look一词,译为汉语“看…”,按汉语语法理解,“看…”后面可直接带宾语,但在英语中它必须先带上for,after,up,down等介词才可带宾语,比如:
look at the blackboard.
look after yourself well.
当然,也有一些动词既可用作及物动词也可用作不及物动词。比如:“turn”一词。
he turned his head and went away.(turn及物动词)don’t turn toward him.(turn为不及物动词)注意:
英语中只有及物动词才能被用作被动语态,不及物动词却不行。
this text should be read twice.
he was deeply hurt by her words.
2.2.连系动词(linking verb)连系动词是表示谓语关系的动词,在句中后面接形容词作表语,即系表结构。
主要有be,become,get,turn,grow,come,go及感官动词feel,smell,sound,taste等等。例如:
it’s getting hotter and hotter.
the dish smells delicious.
his explanation sounds reasonable.
the milk goes sour easily in hot weather.
动词的分类我们可以用表1表示如下,以便记忆:
3.助动词的分类:
3.1.基本助动词be,do,h**e其实是既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词,作实义动词时,它们的意思分别是:“(1)是;(2)做;(3)有”。比如:
he is an english teacher in the school.
my mother does housework every day.
i h**e not any money with me,will you lendme some?
作助动词的用法动词可用来构成现在进行时be(am,is,are)doing(动词的现在分词),过去进行时was/were doing和将来进行时will bedoing。例如:
jane is studying law while her sister is doingphysics.
they were building a dam last winter.
they will be arriving at six
动词可以用来构成被动语态。一般现在时的被动语态be(am,is,are)done;一般过去时的被动语态was/were done;现在进行时的被动语态be(am,is,are)being done;及过去进行时的被动语态was/were being done.
english is spoken by many people.
the city was bombed in1940.
computers are being used widely in china.
was the program being shown on last night?
3.2.3.助动词do可用来构成疑问句,主要是用在由实义动词作谓语的一般现在时和一般过去时的句子中,如:
do you always get up early in the morning?
did you learn english when you were in theprimary school?
也可用来构成否定句,主要是在由实义动词作谓语的一般现在时和一般过去时的句子中,如:
they don’t h**e lectures in the library but inthe classroom.
they didn’t play football because theweather was too bad.
用于现在完成时has/h**e done、过去完成时had done、完成进行时has/h**ebeen doing、将来完成时will h**e done和现在和过去完成时的被动语态has/h**e/had beendone,如:
it has rained every day so far this month.
they hadn’t finished the task until lastmonth.
we h**e been living here for 12 years.
by the end of this year,the factory will h**eproduced 10,000 cars.
many books h**e been written on how tostudy effectively.
动词是英语学习中的重中之重。对初学者来说,只有了解了动词的时态,语态,主动,被动等用法,才能轻松地学,自信地学。
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