陕西省安康市岚皋中学孙忠平。
摘要：在历年全国各地高考英语单项选择试题中，由连接代词whatever，whichever，whoever，whomever以及连接副词whenever，wherever，however
引导的从句，几乎年年被作为考察的重点知识对象，这些从句从大类上来说或为名词性从句或为状语从句，具体到究竟是何种从句就更是多达上十种之多。许多考生由于弄不清各种从句的句法功能、表现特征、从句与从句间的对比与联系，碰到这样的考点往往不得要领，无从下手，常做出错误的选择。本文结合近些年的高考英语试题，试图对wh-ever引导的各种从句进行对比与剖析，帮**生认识这些从句的表现特征、句法功能，明确在使用中应该注意到的细微区别等等，从而增强做题的时效性和准确度。
关键词：高考英语 wh-ever从句辨析。
词缀-ever与部分疑问代词和疑问副词结合，生成能够引导名词性从句或者状语从句的连接代词或连接副词，意为“无论……”不管……”比较常见的有whatever（无论什么）,whichever（无论哪个）,whoever（无论是谁）,whomever（无论是谁）,whenever（无论何时）,wherever（无论何处）,however（不管怎样），这些连接词究竟各自能引导什么类型的从句，如何判断使用的正确与否以及怎样与其他意义相近的句型进行改换等等，几乎是历年高考英语单项知识题、短文改错等题型中常常会涉猎到的题点，也是令不少考生感到困惑，无从下手的难点。
下面笔者结合近几年全国各地高考试题中涉及的相关考点，就上述这些词引导的从句类型进行对比辨析，引入相关句型进行句式变换，从而找出其特征和规律，以达正确判断，灵活运用之目的。
一、whenever,wherever,however通常情况下只引导让步状语从句，可以分别用no matter when,no matter where 以及no matter how来进行替换改写。请看以下各例：
whenever you come,you’ll be welcome. （whenever you come=no matter when you come）无论你什么时候来，我们都欢迎你。
you can stay at my cottage in the country whenever you like. （whenever you like=no matter when you like）只要你愿意，无论什么时候都可以住在我乡下的小屋里。
the dog follows me wherever i go.( wherever i go=no matter where i go)我无论走到何处，狗狗都会跟着我。
wherever he goes out,he always takes his umbrella.( wherever he goes out=no matter where he goes out)不管他外出到**，他都会带着雨伞。
he had to get the car fixed however much it cost.( however much it cost=no matter how much it cost)无论花多大代价他都得找人把车修好。
however hard she tried, nothing seemed to work.（however hard she tried=no matter how hard she tried）无论她多么努力，好像都无济于事。
这里需要指出的是，whenever,wherever除了引导让步状语从句外，也可分别引导时间状语从句和地点状语从句，含义相当于when和where，但语气更强。另外，使用however作引导词时，一定要注意句子的词序，即however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语…=no matter how+形容词或副词+主语+谓语…。
i'd like to see you whenever it's convenient.在你方便的时候我想来看看你。
whenever i mention playing football, he says he’s too busy. 我一跟他提踢足球的事， 他就说太忙。
sit wherever you like.你爱坐哪儿坐哪儿。
**oid structures of this kind wherever possible.凡有可能使用的地方尽量避免出现这种结构。
试做以下高考题：
___i h**e to put it away and focus my attention on study this week. (2004上海卷 )
a. however the story is amusing
b. no matter amusing the story is
c. however amusing the story is
d. no matter how the story is amusing
you should try to get a good night’s sleep __much work you h**e to do.（2004湖北卷）
a. however b. no matter c. although d. whatever
he tried his best to solve the problem, _difficult it was. (2005天津卷)
a. however b. no matter c. whatever d .although
this is a very interesting book. i'll buy it2006陕西卷)
a. no matter how it may cost b. how may it cost
c. how much may it costd. however much it may cost
___hungry i am, i never seem to be able to finish off this loaf of bread. （2008辽宁卷)
a. whatever b. whenever c. wherever d. however
___well prepared you are , you still need a lot of luck in mountain climbing. (2008上海卷)
a. however b. whatever c. no matter d. although
please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon, or __it is convenient to you．（2011江西卷）
a．whenever b．however c．whichever d．wherever
the map is one of the best tools a man has __he goes to a new place. (2012上海卷)
a. whenever b. whatever c. wherever d. however
___hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat. (2012湖南卷)
a. however b. whatever c. whichever d. whenever
答案：①c a a d d a a a a）
二、whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever这四个连接代词既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句。这时，理解引导词的句法成分功能以及如何对其进行变换改写成为认识两种不同类型从句的关键。先看以下各组例句：
1、whatever he did was right.( whatever he did=anything that he did)他所做的一切都是对的。（主语从句）
whatever you say to her,she still keeps smiling.( whatever you say to her=no matter what you say to her)不管你对她说些什么，她总是报之以微笑。（让步状语从句）
2、whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.(whichever of you comes=anyone of you comes in)你们哪一位进来都会得到一份奖品。(主语从句)
whichever book you borrow,you must return it in a week.(whichever book you borrow=no matter which book you borrow)不管你借阅哪一本书，你都必须在一周之内归还。（让步状语从句）
3、i’ll give my ticket to whoever wants it.( whoever wants it=anyone who wants it)谁想要，我就把我的票给谁。（宾语从句）
whoever telephones,tell him i’m out.( whoever telephones=no matter who telephones)无论谁打**，就说我不在。（让步状语从句）
4、but i also find that it allows me to be whomever i want（to be）.(whomever i want=anyone who(m) i want (to be))不过，我也发现，这个名字也让我可以做我想做的任何人。（表语从句）
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