状语从句。
（二）原因状语从句。
原因状语从句常用的连词是because, since, as, now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。
比较：because, since, as和for
1. because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
i didn't go, because i was afraid. since /as the weather is so bad, we h**e to delay our journey.
2. 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
he is absent today, because / for he is ill. he must be ill, for he is absent today.
三）地点状语从句。
引导地点状语从句的连词通常是where 和wherever等。
where i live there are plenty of trees. wherever i am i will be thinking of you.
四）目的状语从句。
引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case (that), lest, for fear that等。
you must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.
he wrote the name down lest he forget it. better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
五）结果状语从句。
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。
比较：so和 such
1. 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。
so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish=such a fool so nice a flower=such a nice flower so many / few flowers=such nice flowers
so many people=such a lot of people so much / little money such rapid progress
(so many已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配)
2. so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
the boy is so young that he can't go to school. =he is such a young boy that he can't go to school
六）条件状语从句。
（七）让步状语从句。
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
though he is a child, he knows a lot. =child as he is, he knows a lot.
1. though, although
注意：当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
he is very old, but he still works very hard. though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
2. as引导的倒装句：必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
child as he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意：a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= though he tries hard, he never seems…
3. ever if, even though 即使 we'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4. whether…or 不管……都 whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5. "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
no matter what happened, he would not mind. whatever happened, he would not mind.
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）no matter what you say is of no use now. （对）whatever you say is of no use now.
（错）prisoners h**e to eat no matter what they're given. （对）prisoners h**e to eat whatever they're given.
八）方式状语从句。
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1. as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，就像"，多用于正式文体。
always do to the others as you would be done by. as water is to fish, so air is to man.
just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
2. as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。
they completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
he looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. it looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
注意：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。
he stared at me as if seeing me for first time. he cleared his throat as if to say something.
the w**es dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
when (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
if (it is) necessary i’ll explain to you again.
3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。
you are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句） tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词） i don’t know where he came from.
（宾语从句） where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句） this place is where they once hid.（表语从句）
考点一：判断引导时间状语从句的连词
可以引导时间状语从句的连词有：before, after, as, when, while, till, until等从属连词；by the time, as soon as等短语型连词；no sooner…than…, not…until…, hardly…when…等搭配型连词；each time, every time, next time, the moment/instant/minute等名词型连词；immediately等副词型连词。
考点二：比较while, when, as
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
just as / just when / when i stopped my car, a man came up to me.
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