★ 祈使句的用法。
(1)祈使句的定义及句式特征:
定义:祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告或祝愿等的句子。它的特点是通常省略主语you,以动词原形开头,末尾可用句号或感叹号。
祈使句没有疑问句的形式,一般只有肯定和否定两种形式。
go and wash your hands. (表命令)
be quite, please. (please be quiet.)(表请求)
be kind to your sister.(表劝告)
watch your steps.(表警告)
no parking. (表禁止)
(2)肯定形式(动词原形开头)
① 以系动词be开头的祈使句,这种祈使句的常用结构:be + 形容词/名词。
be quiet / quick
be a good student!
be careful when crossing the street.
② 以实义动词开头的祈使句,这种祈使句的常用结构为:动词原形+宾语(+其他)。
come in, please!
please open your books!
put them away!
let型(let+宾语+动词原形+其他)
let him do it by himself.
let me help you.
let’s go to the park.
(3)否定形式(一般在动词上否定,也可以用否定副词(never)来表示)
be型(don’t be +其他成分(形容词、名词或介词短语))
don’t be careless!
never be late again next time!
【注意】1)在这种句型中,be不能省略。
2)否定副词not不可置于be之后。
do型(don’t +动词原形+其他)
don’t believe him!
don’t worry!
never do it again!
let引起的祈使句有两种否定形式
a. let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他。
let her not do that.
let’s not think about it.
b. don’t+ let+宾语+动词原形+其他。
don’t let jim do that.
don’t let us go, please.
在公共场合的提示语中,否定祈使句常用“no+名词 / v-ing形式”结构,表示“禁止做某事”。例如:
no photos! 禁止拍照! no parking! 禁止停车!
【注意】 1)在表达请求或劝告时,有时为了表示委婉的语气,可以在句首或句末please,但是如果please加在句末,应用逗号将其与前面的部分隔开。
sit down, please.
please look after the twins.
2)在意思比较明显的情况下,可以把谓语动词省略。
this way, please.
3)有时为了加强语气,可以在动词前使用do.
do be careful!
4)有时为了强调对方,也可加上主语you,人名或everybody, anybody等不定代词。
you sweep the floor and i clean the window.
stand up, everybody.
5)有时为了明确向谁提出请求或发出命令,可加称呼语,但称呼语要与句子用逗号隔开。
put the shirt on the bed, jim.
《exercise》
将以下祈使句改为否定式:
1. come here early
2. ask him
3. please wait for her
4. read the book carefully
5. sit under the tree, please
6. let’s go there together
★ 特殊疑问句。
以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有:what who whose which when where how why等。特殊疑问句有两种语序:
① 如疑问词作主语或主语的定语,即对主语或主语的定语提问,其语序是陈述句的语序:疑问词(+主语)+谓语动词+其他成分?如:
who is singing in the room﹖
whose bike is broken﹖
② 如疑问词作其他成分,即对其他成分提问,其语序是:疑问词+一般疑问句语序? 如:
what class are you in﹖
what does she look like﹖
where are you from﹖
what time does he get up every morning﹖
【注意】回答特殊疑问句时,不能用yes/no,即问什么答什么,尤其是简略回答。如:
who is from canada﹖ -helen (is).
where's the restaurant﹖ -near the station.
◆ why引导的特殊疑问句。
1)why意为“为什么”,询问原因,其答语常用because引导。如:
why are you so happy?
because i like this dog.
2)“why don’t you + 动词原形 + 表示向他人提出建议。如:
why don’t you go there to study math?
because i don’t like math,it’s very difficult.
3) why don’t you do ..why not do...意为“为什么不。
对一般疑问句的否定回答进一步询问原因。如:
do you often go to school by bike?
no,i don’t.
why not?(why can’t you finish it in two days?)
例:why __go there by boat?there is no bridge there.
you go you
★ what引导的特殊疑问句。
(1) what + 系动词 + sb / sth?
询问“是什么” ?
what is it / this / that?
询问姓名?what is your name?
询问某人的职业?
what are you? what is he
询问爱好之最?
what is your f**orite fruit?
相当于:which fruit is your like best? i like watermelon best.)
询问**号码。
what is amy’s telephone number? 83162548
询问日期?what is (what’s) the date today?
询问天气情况。
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