第一课 a private conversation
本课重点语法：一般现在时，一般过去时和过去进行时。
一般现在时是用来表示：
1. 经常、反复或是习惯性发生的动作，如
i go to work at 09：00 every day. 我每天9点钟上班。
she does not take dinner on sundays. 她周日晚上都不吃晚餐。
2. 某种事物目前存在的情况或状态，如there are 16 cabins **ailable on this train. 目前本次列车剩余16个舱位。
3. 表示主语的习惯、能力、职业、特征等，如 sunwen works as a sales manager in the supermarket, and he has rich experience.
4. 有时间规律发生的事件或是不受时间限制的客观事实，如 the earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
5. 表示格言或警句中。 pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
一般现在时的构成：
一般现在时用行为动词的原形，当主语为第三人称单数时( he, she, it, name)，动词的词尾要加-s。
1. 一般的动词词尾+s，2. 以sh/ch/s/x结尾的词+es，3. 以辅音字母y结尾的把y变成i，+es，4. 辅音字母+o结尾的+es.)
一般现在时的疑问句。
助动词do或does+主语＋动词原形＋其它成分。如。
do i look okay? 我看起来还行吗？
does she speak english? 她学英语吗？
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，通常我们讲述一件过去发生的事情会用这个时态。
动词过去式变化规则：
1．一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked
2．结尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted
3．末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped
4．以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i，再加-ed，如：study-studied
5．不规则动词过去式：
am,is-was are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said
give-g**e, get-got, go-went, come-came, h**e-had,eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put,make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank,fly-flew, ride-rode,speak-spoke, sweep-swept, buy-bought
swim-swam, sit-sat bring--brought can-could cut-cut
become-became begin-began draw-drew feel-felt find-found
forget-forgot hear-heard keep-kept know-knew
learn-learnt （learned） le**e-left let-let lose-lost
meet-met read-read sleep-slept speak-spoke take-took
teach-taught tell-told write-wrote wake-woke think-though
练习：一、 用be动词的适当形式填空。
1. i __an english teacher now.
2. she __happy yesterday.
3. they __glad to see each other last month.
4. helen and nancygood friends.
5. the little dog __two years old this year.
6. look, therelots of grapes here.
7. therea sign on the chair on last monday.
8. today __the second of june. yesterday __the first of june.
it __children’s day. all the students___very excited.
二、句型转换。
1. there was a car in front of the house just now.
否定句。一般疑问句。
肯定回答否定回答。
2. they played football in the playground.
否定句。三、用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. i __watch) a cartoon on saturday.
2. her fatherread) a news***** last night.
3. weto zoo yesterday. (go)
4. _youvisit) your relatives last spring festival?
5. _hefly) a kite on sunday? yes, he __
6. gao shanpull) up carrots last national day holiday.
7. isweep) the floor yesterday, but my mother __
8. what __she __find) in the garden last morning?
shefind) a beautiful butterfly.
9. it __be) ben’s birthday last friday
10. we all __h**e) a good time last night.
11. he __jump) high on last sports day.
12. helen __milk) a cow on friday.
13. she likes __news*****s, but she __a book yesterday. (read)
14. he __football now, but they __basketball just now. (play)
15. jim’s motherplant) trees just now.
16. _they __sweep) the floor on sunday? no, they __
17. iwatch) a cartoon on monday.
过去进行时表示过去某个时间点正在进行的状态或动作，用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生，通常会带有时间状语。
如 my brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
it was raining when they left the station.
when i got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
典型例题。1) mary __a dress when she cut her finger.
a. made b. is ****** c. was ****** d. makes
答案c. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2) as she __the news*****, granny __asleep.
a. read； was falling b. was reading； fell c. was reading； was falling d. read；fell
答案b.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
练习：写一篇短文，描述一下这周发生的事情。要求用到今天讲的三种时态，副词形容动词。
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