[,grammar focus (p69)
the passive voice 被动语态。
在被动语态的句子中， 谓语部分的结构是be + 过去分词。被动语态的句子的时态变化反映在be动词上。也就是说， 把一个句子做成被。
动语态的句子， 只需要写出be动词。
的所需时态， 再加上所给动词。
的过去分词就行了。当然， 这只是指谓语部分而言。我们知道， be动词作为一个独立的谓语动词有自己现在分词(being)和过去分词 (been)。
那么， 下面我们来看看be 在各种时态中的变化形式：
一般现在时 am / is / are
一般过去时 was / were
一般将来时 shall / will + be
过去将来时 would / should + be
现在进行时 am / is / are + being
过去进行时 was / were + being
现在完成时 h**e / has + been
过去完成时 had + been
1. 世界上许多国家都讲英文。
english is spoken in many countries
all over the world .
2. 纸是中国发明的。
***** was invented in china.
3. 这栋大楼是去年建造的。
the building was built last year.
4. 他父亲不会让他娶玛丽为妻的。
he won’t be allowed, by his father,
to marry mary.
5. 他们结束训练时将被派往部队。
they would be sent to the army
when they finished the training.
6. 这个计划正在执行中。
the project is being carried out.
7. 那时这案子正在调查中。
the case was being investigated then.
8. 这本**已被译成了几种语言。
this novel has been translated into
several languages.
9. 他们说生产成本已经下降了。
they said that production costs had been reduced.,
英语中的动词有两种语态：主动语态(the active voice)和被动语态(the passive voice)。主动语态中，主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态中，主语是谓语动作的承受者。
被动语态的构成：be +及物动词的过去分词。
一般现在时态的被动语态：am / is / are +
一般过去时态的被动语态：was / were +
一般将来时态的被动语态：will be +
现在完成时态的被动语态：h**e / has been +
现在进行时态的被动语态：am / is / are being
过去完成时态的被动语态：had been +
含有情态动词的被动语态：can / may /
must…be +
主动句变被动句的方式：
主动句： 主语 + 及物动词谓语 + 宾语。
被动句： 主语 + be + 过去分词 + by 宾语。
our teacher loves her students.
her students are loved by our teacher.
请把下列主动句变为被动句：
they produced that kind of car.
the workers built a bridge over the river.
mother tells me a story every day.
be used for 被动语态， “被用来做……”介词
for 表目的用途， 可接名词或动名词形式。
the woolen sweater is used for keeping warm.
毛衣是用来保暖的。
1. annoying adj. 讨厌的， 恼人的 (往往指事物)
how annoying it is! 真讨厌。
annoyed adj. 生气的， 恼怒的 (往往指人)
my father is annoyed with me.
爸爸在生我气。
2. helpful adj. 有帮助的， 有益的。
mr. white is a very helpful man.
构词法：n + ful → adj
再如： use + ful → useful
thank + ful → thankful
beauty+ ful → beautiful
care + ful → careful
mistake 作名词 “错误，误会”。也可以作动词 “弄错，犯错”。常见形式：
make a mistake 出错。
you h**e made a mistake here.
你这儿犯了一个错误。
mistake…for… 错把……当作……
they mistook him for his brother.
他们错把他认作他的兄弟。
by mistake 错误地。
they sent the letter to me by mistake.
他们误把那封信送到了我这儿。
1. by accident 偶然地，碰巧。
与 by chance 同义。
x-rays first discovered by a german scientist,
william konrad rontgen, in 1895, almost by
accident. x射线是1895德国科学家威廉、康拉。
德，伦琴几乎是在碰巧的情况下首先发现的。
2. according to “根据……”是一介词短语。
according to the *****s, there was a big fire
in london.
据报道，伦敦发生了火灾。
3. not…until “直到……才……”
用于not…until 结构中的主句谓语多为短暂性动词。
we didn’t finish the work until yesterday
evening.
我们昨天晚上才做完这项工作。
注：until 的主句中也可以用延续性动词，此时
until 不与 not 连用，表示 “直到……为止”。
i will wait until he returns.
我将等到他回来。
custom said they weren’t salty enough. 这个顾客说菜不够咸。
1) said 后是宾语从句， 省略了that。当
宾语从句主句用一般过去时， 从句也要。
用过去的某种时态。
he asked me whom i was waiting for.
他问我在等谁。
但enough 修饰名词时， 可以放在名词之前， 也可以放在名词之后。如：
i h**e enough money to buy it. (i h**e money enough to buy it.)
potato chips were invented by mistake. 薯片是无意中被发明的。
mistake 做名词， 意为 “弄错， 误解”
you h**e made a foolish mistake.
你犯了一个愚蠢的错误。
mistake 作动词， 意为 “弄错，误解”
she didn’t speak very clearly so i mistook what she said.
她讲的不清楚， 所以我误解了她的话。
by mistake 意为 “错误地，无意地”
i took his backpack by mistake.
我错拿了他的书包。
he put salt in her cup of tea by mistake.
他错把盐放进她的茶里。
1. although tea wasn’t brought to the
western world until 1610, this beverage
was discovered over three thousand
years before that.
虽然茶直到2023年才传入西方世界，但这种饮料在三千多年前就被发现了。
1) although 作连词， 意为 “虽然，尽管”,引导让步状语从句， 我们不能根据汉语习惯， 在后面使用连词but, 不过它可以与yet, still连用；若主从句的主语相同， 且从句谓语含有动词be, 可将从句主语和动词be省略。
although (it was) snowing, it was not very cold.
虽然在下雪， 但是天气不是很冷。
there is air around us, although we can’t see it.
尽管我们看不见， 但我们周围全是空气。
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