8种基本句子成分：
1. 主语：表句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。通常在句子前面，充当主语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词、从句、句子等。
the trees grow very fast.
2. 谓语：说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。通常在主语后（出疑问和倒装外）。一般由动词来充当。
the plane takes off at 8, but this morning it may be delayed by the thick fog.
3. 宾语：表动作行为的对象，在及物动词或介词后。充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、从句、句子等。
he takes a bath every morning.
4. 表语：与系动词连用，一起构成谓语部分，说明主语的性质和特征。长在系动词之后。充当表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语从句等。
he turned doctor after school, as his parents had expected.
oh, it’s you.
5. 定语：用来修饰名词或代词。单个词长放在被修饰词前面，短语或句子在被修饰词之后。充当定语的有数词、名词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、从句等。
more than twenty workers were fired.
this is a stone table and hard enough to hold the load of goods.
6. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词，表动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。位置比较灵活。充当状语的有副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词、形容词词组和名词词组、从句等。
tom speaks english very fast and i almost can’t understand him.
don’t step on ht grass, for it is growing.
7. 补足语：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等皆可做补足语。
we all find him funny.
will you please invite all of them in?
8. 同位语：对句中的某一成分做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫同位语。常位于呗说明的词之后。可以作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、和从句等。
we h**e two foreign students, a canadian and an american.
they each can get a chance to tr**el by air.
5种简单基本句型：
1. 主语+谓语（不及物） （s+vi）
she camewe workmy head aches.
2. 主语+谓语（及物）+宾语 （s+vt+o）
she likes basketballi study french.
3. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 （s+vt+o+oc）
she makes her mother angry. the teacher asked me to read the passage.
4. 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾 （s+vt+ino+do）
she g**e john a bookshe bought me a pen.
5. 主语+系动词+表语 （s+v+p）
they are students. the le**es turned green. it tastes delicious.
另：there be句型：
a: there be “某地有某人某物”
there are four seasons in a year.
b: 运用其他动词的there be结构（be, seem, appear,happen,exist）
there seemed to be no one who really understand me.
there lies a book on the desk.
c: there be no + 主语结构，（习惯上用v-ing形式做主语）
there is no parking around here.
附：常见系动词有：
be, become, get, turn, grow, taste, smell, feel, seem, look, appear, stand, lie, go, come, remain, keep, etc.
附属成分：但常用的英语句并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。
我们称为：定语（用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句）、状语（用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）
定语。poor john tottered toward a hospital nearby．
she likes oranges imported from the usa.
john g**e mary many books，which are full of illustrations．
h**e you seen the book on the desk?
the boy playing over there is my brother.
people there like sports.
状语。john often came to chat with me．
whenever he gets drunk，john makes mary very angry．
hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
as he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday.
she is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.
you’d better stay here.
独立成分：句中可以去掉的成份，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成份和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。
感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah, alas等。 oh, what is that?
肯定词yes
否定词no称呼语：称呼人的用语come here, john.
插入语：一些句中插入的 i think , i believe,等。
the story, i think, has never come to the end.
情态词： 表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许， maybe大概， actually实际上， certainly当然，等。
省略成份：
句中被省略的成份，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：
you） come here．
i wish you）good luck！
some g**e him praises，but others（g**e him）rotten eggs．
he runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you.
i ) hope you like it.
john should clean the room today and peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.
练习： 指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：
1. whether we’ll go depend on the weather .
2. people’s standards of living are going up steadily .
3. that was how they were defeated.
4. the nursery takes good care of our children .
5. i’ll return the book to you tomorrow .
6. the woman with a baby in her arms is his other .
7. there are many film that i’d like to see.
8. h**e you met the person about whom he was speaking ?
9. i h**e a lot of work to do .
10. anyway i won’t stop you from doing it .
11. i said it in fun .
12. seeing this, some comrades became very worried .
13. much interested, he agreed to give it a try .
14. the bus arrived ten minutes late .
15. we should serve the people heart and soul.
16. spring coming on , the tree turned green .
17. some farmers saw something strange in the sky .
18. it’s strange that she doesn’t come today .
19. it was in the library that i come today .
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