英语句型结构与句子成分划分

高一英语初高中衔接练习。

第二讲英语句型结构与句子成分划分。

一、句子类型。

1)、简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）构成的句子。

1) 简单句的类别。

1.陈述句（肯定句、否定句）

2.疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意。

3.祈使句 4.感叹句（how + adj. (s + v) !what + n. (s + v) !

2) 简单句的基本词序。

主语谓语宾语状语。

ibought a hatyesterday.

the children ranhome.

the taxi driver shouted at meangrily.

weate our mealin silence.

the carstoppedsuddenly.

a young girl walkedconfidently on the stage.

2)、并列句：由两个或两个以上等立而又相互独立的简单句构成，两个简单句由并列连词连在一起。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。

1. i help him and he helps me .

2. he failed many times but he wasn’t discouraged.

3. we must hurry, or we shall miss the train.

4. not only did he write to us but also he came here yesterday.

5. either he didn’t speak clearly or i didn’t hear well.

3)、复合句：简单句中的某一个成分由一个句子来充当。

1.名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。

1) what he said just now is right. 2) he said that he had seen the film.

3) this is why he didn’t go to school.

4) the news that he has passed the exam made me happy.

引导名词性从句的连词有：

that, which, if, whether, who, whom, whose, when ,how, where, why, ever.

2.修饰性（形容词性）从句：定语从句。

1) the man who is standing there is white.

2) the building which was built is a school. 3) this is the place where i lived.

引导定语从句的连词有：

that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why.

3. 副词性从句：状语从句。

(条件、时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、让步状语从句）

引导状语从句的连词有：

when, while, as, as soon as, after, since, until, till, where, if, unless, because, in order that, so…that…, though, wherever, whenever, as …as, not so…as, than

二。句子成分划分。

1>. 讨论题：找出下列句子中相应的成分：

(主语the sun rises in the east.

谓语we study english.

3. object（宾语we love china.

4. predictive（表语we are chinese.

定语this is a difficult problem.

补语we elected him monitor.

状语he runs fast.

同位语this is miss zou, my teacher.

插入语to be frank, i don’t agree with you.

2> 句子成分的分类。

1. 主语：主语表示句子要说明的人或事物。一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。

1) the students study hard.

2) he usually goes to school at 7:30.

3) one and one make two.

4) to tell a lie is wrong.

5) learning a foreign language takes a long time.

6) who taught you english last year?

2. 谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。

1) 由动词的各种时态语态表示。

1) he goes to school every day2) they are swimming.

3) she caught up with the others very quickly.

4) this kind of machine is made in china.

2) 由“情态动词+动词原形”表示。 we must work hard at english.

the recorder can be repaired in two days.

3) 由“连系动词+表语”表示。my father is a doctor.

he feels better today.

3. 表语：表语和连系动词一起构成谓语，表示主语的性质、特征、身份等。一般由名词、形容词或相当于名词、形容词的词或短语充当。

1) her uncle is a teacher. 2) he became angry.

3) the weather is getting warmer and warmer.

4. 宾语：动作的承受者。

1) the child needs help. 2) they all helped us. 3) i hope to see you again.

4) tom likes swimming 5) he g**e me a map of the world. 6) i’ll lend it to you tomorrow. 7) my mother bought a skirt for me.

有些及物动词需要两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前，但为了强调间接宾语，可把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，这时要在间接宾语前加介词to或for.

5.宾语补足语。

有些动词除需要一个宾语外，还得有一个宾语补足语，句子意义才能完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，这是宾语和宾语补足语的主要依据。

1) we found the story quite interesting. 2) we asked him to help us.

3) i saw a child playing on the grass.

6. 定语：定语修饰名词或代词。

1) our classroom is clean and bright. 2) the book here is very interesting.

3) the man in a brown jacket is my father.

4) this is the house where i lived three years ago.

5) the students’ reading-room is on the second floor.

英语中放在被修饰词（中心词）前面的成为前置定语放在被修饰词后面的称为后置定语。一般来说，当定语修饰some, any, every, no等所构成的复合不定代词时，定语需后置。

1) i h**e something important to tell you.

2) there is nothing wrong with the sentence.

7.状语。修饰动词、形容词或副词，也可以修饰整个句子。

状语说明地点、时间、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度等。如果状语和地点状语同时出现，一般是时间状语放在最后，地点状语放在时间状语之前。

he was born in shanghai in 1970.

the meeting is to be held in room 401 tomorrow evening.

8. 同位语。

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